История Великий Шелковый путь. Его важнейшая роль в истории Казахстана Абдибек А. С
Скачать 12.45 Mb.
|
Использованные источники
DEMOCRATIZATION IN POLAND Storchakova O. E. Kyiv Slavonic University (Internation relations department, 4 course) O.M. Verkhovtsova Scientific leader, associate professor Speaking about Poland , it is important to note , that the road to democratization which Poland was going was not very easy and without any difficulties , no ! Poland, like every country, which fights for its democratization , was hardly rising upstairs , and the way is not ended. And now I want to examine how Poland moved to the democratization, what transitions and changes was, so this is my purpose of the study. I want to follow and explain how Poland was changing since 1989 – when the power was changed and came new power and party – Solidarity. It is well known that since that time Poland has made prominent progress and success in its transition to liberal democracy and capitalism. And of course, Poland should be indebted to international institutions and Western governments because of their support and influence. The success of Poland has enjoyed in attracting international backing and in dealing with the problems of transition has reflected the country s historical compatibility with the Euro-Atlantic liberal-democratic, political and economical order. (Zielonka & Pravda, 2001: 311). I think , that there is no doubt that Poland scores well , by comparison with other post-communist states , in any ranking of what may be called “ European compatibility potential “ (Zielonka & Pravda , 2001: 312). And of course, a great role played geographical proximity and easy access to Western Europe has fostered a deep familiarity with democratic culture . So, I really agreed with Kaminski that Poland off all the Soviet satellites proved the most troublesome with a record number of rebellions: three major ones in 1956, 1970, and 1980- 1, and two minor one, in 1968 and 1976 (Kaminski, 1992: 585). It is very interesting for me to research Poland s experience, because, my country just starts to rise in its development (economic, cultural and of course – democratic). And we can learn their mistakes and positive sides to improve our own country on the way to democratization. I want to start of my own definition of the term Democratization. Of course, there are a lot of definitions of this term, but I understand it as a process of creation and establishing free rights and liberties in the state and society. In my opinion, it is a process of building free sovereign state with freedom of speech, the vote, own home and foreign policy. To add to it, I am sure, that democratization always have a positive influence on the process of successfully building of the state (conditions if it is a real democracy, genuine, I mean…because, very often political leaders and governments only cover themselves with “democracy” , but on the same time , indeed, they try to seize the power in their own hands , and they don’t make a possible for anybody to decide something without their permission. But speaking about Democracy , I agree with Robert Dahl, who said that “democracy” – is the rule by many , and with Przewolski , who said, that from government in which “who rules” is decided by elections and that “democracy”- is the political system in which key government offices are filled through contested elections (Przewolski, 1995: 21). So, what I mean by democratization? Here I want to agree with R. Dahl that democracies – are those political systems in which the following institutional guaranties are satisfied: The freedom of expression, to form and join different parties and organizations, the right to vote, the right of political leaders to complete for support and for votes, free elections, alternative sources of information and so on (R. Dahl, 1989). Having listened a course about Democratization and consolidation of democracy in the Halmstad University I learned, that Democratization has transition- process by which a non-democratic regime engages in a series of changes that result in the establishment of democracy, and it has two steps: liberalization and actual democratization. So, speaking about Poland I choose the transition approach, because Transition- is the continuation of liberalization, opening up for electoral democracy: the right to vote for competitive parties in free and fair elections. And conception of “third wave of democratization” was created by influence of the famous Toffler s book “The third wave” (Toffler, 1980), about changes in spheres of societies life by the influence of information revolution. Also, it is important to note Huntington s article “Democracy third wave” – published in spring 1991 and “Democratization at the end of XX century”(1991) what caused a great interest of scientists, because this work included the problem of democratization in 1970-1990s (Huntington,1991). I also read about definition of Democracy by Amaria Sen, that “democracy”- it is a garanty of citizens vote, freedom protection and individuals evenness rights, freedom of word, absent of censorship in mass media and so on. Advantages of democracy are in the possibility to help people in practice (Sen, 1999:10). This essay is a case study of one country, Poland. The study is widely based on books, as fundamental, written by experienced scholars, scientists researchers in the field of political, social and economical science. As a matter of fact, in my work I used not so many books, but those, what I choose are very interesting, and they helped me to have a good understanding of the problem and the main. Actually, I based myself on Orenstein’s book “Out of the red”, where he gave an excellent analyses of the history of Poland’s democratization. Than , I should mention the book of Zielonka and Pravda “Democratic Consolidation in Eastern Europe”, where I use their explanation of the first steps to democratization Poland’s process. Another basic research used in this essay is “Democratization” by David Potter, David Goldblatt, Margaret Kiloh, Paul Lewis. They wrote very interesting facts about democratization in Eastern Europe. Also I have red about Democracy and Globalizing Capitalism in the East-Central Europe in Nagle’s book about “Democracy and Democratozation” . I must confess that these books were very interesting and they helped me very much. Of course, there are a lot of another interesting and needed me books, and I know it’s a pity that I hadn’t red it, but as I was very exited by all of this I want to read it in the future! When I want to understand what happened in Poland I need to address to the history and to know how and why began its democratization. Socialism was putted in Poland as a result of failed Gitlers Germany in 1945. Lefts parties seized power and began to put in socialistic economy and political system to soviet style. There were a lot of process in Poland for this time, but I want to point my attention on the third wave of democratization in Poland, because as for me it was the most progressive process by the way to democracy. So, in 1980 the process of dissatisfaction of situation in country (at first it was in Gdansk) of situation in country caused and other process of dissatisfaction in hole Poland. Solidarity – was a brought together clergy , Catholic activities , trade unionists and liberal intellectuals , founded in 1980 during a strike at the Lenin shipyard in Gdansk ( Orenstein 2001:4). A young electrician , Lech Walensa , rose swiftly to become the charismatic leader of the movement and won a Nobel Prize for his efforts to gain legal recognition for Solidarity and the right to civic self-organization in communist regime initially tried to negotiate with Solidarity and adopt some of its demands . However, after a period of compromise, the Polish communist party and military finally cracked down on the Solidarity movement, under pressure from Moscow. It made communistic regime to agree with more liberate regime. So, it was created trade union Solidarity which head was a Poland s national movement (Potter,1997: 399). It becomes a cause to democratization in Central and Eastern Europe. Therefore, the transition of democracy for East Central European was initiated by Poland in the latest 1980s and, in general, Poland has been the trendsetter in political developments for the enfire regime since early comer (Agh, 1998: 21). Till the end of 1981 communist of Poland began to do the terror. Thousands activities of reforms were arrested other continued to follow the great underground democratic movement. As communist caused Poland to bankruptcy in fact, so in 1988 they agreed to negotiate in peace with opposition about going to democracy. Than Poland told that she would coming to democratic system and trade economy. But went out of the economy crisis power tried to rising the prices on foods ( July 1980) what caused the wave of protests (Korovycina,1998: 268).Than the government steps back and rose the salary for workers but the wave of protests was splendid more and more… Strike committee published the document “21 point” where were economical requires, increasing of salary, social keeping and political requires : creating independent trade union, rights for strikes, freedom of word, typing, publishing, releasing and so on. In 1970-1980s Poland was an excellent example of transition societies and institutions function under oppositions members control (and I think, it is says that the process of democratization has began!) ( www.auditorium.ru/books/160/) Catholic Church was persecuted but it has never submitted to the communist control. Economy of Poland has already a few years at the state of depression but the failing-off of the production and food crisis was in 1980-1981s . It concerned everything. The deficit of first-needed goods caused destabilization of society. After sending the article “21 point” to the all factories of Poland, the government has come to compromise (about workers). It caused the feeling of freedoms euphoria in country. The hopes for future were growing more and more. Young people of 70s, who was educated, have also furthering to revolution. So, on that time the spirit of expecting great new changes and the celebrate atmosphere began to holding over the country. So, as I earlier said that on that time the center of Poland s workers movement became the trade union “Solidarity”- mass opposition party. I think, I should here to mention about the Church, which played a very important role in Poland s life. Poland s Catholicism was historical one of the opposition centre even in Russian empire, and during Nazi occupation, so it was an important center of consolidation of society. So, regime was forced to find the agreement with church. I think church was like a channel at the relation between “Solidarity” and other side in difficult times, and always supported it in many way. Important role also played independent publishing and cultural activity, which was carry out by unofficial structures. During all 1981s the power were trying to organize the “round table” to negotiate with trade union, but the “Solidarity” always decline this initiative because of afraid to achieve unfavorable compromise. International situation was being complicated, because of increasing of chaos in Poland and it was disturbed soviet leaders. “On late autumn in 1981 the level of prejudice and unbelievable achieved the culmination (apogee)” - Jaruzelskiy. It put in to the country the state of the emergency and it did the way to the dialog free. “Solidarity” activities were forbidden. Citizens didn’t offer resistance because of establishing in the country the state of the emergency. The leaders of opposition were pressing. The West gave a great support to Poland. When in 1985 began to change the situation in USSA it was clear that it would influence on Poland(Orenstein,2001: 312). There have already released all politician prisoners in 1986. It began the politician reform of liberalization the system, but it was not so long. People were overcame by pessimism and disillusionment in their idea, young people began thought about leaving the country more and more… The social-economic situation was worsen in the country in 1986. All 1987 was being in preparing to the “second stage of reform”, the government offered to rise the prices on the goods, service and provisions again. There was the rising the indifference in the society (N.Korovycina). The President of Poland was elected on the 19s of June 1989. Jaryselskij became a President and Mazoveckij became a prime-minister (he was from “Solidarity”) but the political system began to break down and in December 1990 the President of Poland became Leh Valensa, so at the same year the party of PUWP was disbanded. There was a change of societies system in 1989. And the history of Poland’s fighting for independent was over. So, I taught only few pages of Poland’s history, but I can safely assume that they played an important and great role in the establishing of country’s independent, originality and, of course, democracy and democratization. I think so, because, during this short period (concerning) Poland did great positive changes. No doubt, that this country was the first of post-communistic world, which did so brave step and broke down the soviet’s clog. Poland gave an example for other countries, which wants to go the same way. It was not so easy, but peoples power and wishes did very big influence, and we know- where people can decided something, and do the influence on the “power” , I think, it is say about democracy… So, since 1989 it was a change of society system. And the history of fighting for liberty and independence was ended. Now, Poland was included to the EU and NATO, it was conducting forced non-industrialization. The problem of national identity felt away itself. What was happened after “velvet revolution”? In 1989 began the “shock therapy” (like in the Soviet Union – rebuilding) - at the economic, social and cultural spheres. The “financial prosperity” - became on the first place in the mind of poles and the “family”, which was on the first – became the third. At the second part of 80s, when the “velvet revolution” was in prosperity- the ideas were mixed at the people’s mind. Now socialism was negative and capitalism was only positive, like hell and paradise. And should to admire that the poles began to occur to democracy more attentive and carefully. I mean, if democracy leads to the increasing of prosperity, financial prosperity and don’t confines only giving to citizens freedom. People have changed moral and material values and principles. Now, moral was not on the first place. But West opened the door to Poland and helped it and supported how he could. The negative to Poland was only that people didn’t were ready for such stress .They fight for idea, but very often they were disappointed in it. Never the less in future it became a positive for the country. Poland was living in difficult times, but this period now in history and today Poland is a developed country and also among the post-communist countries of Eastern and Central Europe. And I think, that for Ukraine it is a good example. Even in times of “orange revolution” in Ukraine, which was in 2004 Poland supported our country remembering its own history. |
Похожие:
 | Краткосрочное планирование с рефлективным размышлением по истории... Автор: Никитин Денис Анатольевич, учитель истории кгу «Зубовская средняя школа», г. Зыряновск | | Тематическое планирование. Рассказы по истории Казахстана. 5 класс Познакомить с понятием история, объяснить необходимость этого предмета. Показать, что история Казахстана часть истории мира, раскрыть... |
| Программа по формированию навыков безопасного поведения на дорогах... Новая столица. Торговля византийских городов. Великий шелковый путь. Византийская империя в vi-viiв Христианская церковь |  | 1 «Новый шёлковый путь» Обзор по материалам экспертов из России, Китая и Казахстана На основании экспертных оценок дается характеристика новых международных транспортных и инфраструктурных проектов, в реализации которых... |
| Доахеменидский период Средней Азии с центром в низовьях Амударьи — область развитого ирригационного земледелия, ремесла и торговли. Через Хорезм проходил... | | Дипломная работа На тему: ”гатт/вто и его роль в развитии международной торговли” Абстрагирование Казахстана от участия в этом процессе способно лишь усугубить его и без того трудное положение. Поэтому в рамках... |
| Дистанционный курс изучения истории преподаватель: ковалева татьяна сергеевна электронная почта История России: познавательное, нравственное, культурное значение. Российская история как часть мировой и европейской истории. Закономерности... | | Муниципальная научно- практическая конференция «Фундаментальные и... Муниципальная научно- практическая конференция «Фундаментальные и прикладные исследования в области естественно – математических... |
| История Казахстана тестник 2012 Кенесары смогли захватить целый ряд кокандских крепостей на территории Казахстана: Жанакорган, Созак, Акмешит | | История Древнего Казахстана Самые ранние стоянки «человека умелого» найдены в Кении Первые люди, проникшие на территорию Казахстана были современниками питекантропа |
| Примерная тематика рефератов по истории Казахстана Карлукское государство: политическая история, военно-административное управление | | Внеклассное мероприятие, посвященное празднованию суверенитета Казахстана Какая из рек Казахстана пересекает в своем течении больше всего областей Казахстана? |
| Республики Казахстан Общеобразовательная Профильная Школа Модульного... Какова была его политика «лавирования», помогла ли она ханству, или наоборот поставила его на грань исчезновения. На все эти вопросы... | | Программа прикладного курса по истории Казахстана 10 класс История относится к важным разделам знания, потому что отражает весь опыт человечества |
| Новая и новейшая история Казахстана Казахстана возникли три основных этнотерриториальных объединения Старший, Средний и Младший Жузы. Существование жузов отразило сложность... | | Урок по теме: «Великий русский учёный Дмитрий Иванович Менделеев и его учение о периодичности» А презентация учителя к уроку «Великий русский учёный Д. И. Менделеев и его учение о периодичности» |
