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to be not likely — маловероятно,
не может быть
to be unlikely — вряд ли, едва ли to be sure — конечно, несомненно
to be certain — наверное, обязательно
При переводе необходимо учитывать время глагола, стоящего перед инфинитивом; ср.:
Не is considered to be . . . Считают, что он. . . Не was considered to be. . . Считали, что он. . ., —
а также форму инфинитива. Infinitive Indefinite и Continuous переводится сказуемым в настоящем времени, a Infinitive Perfect и Perfect Continuous — сказуемым в прошедшем времени; ср.:
Не is said to go to Moscow. Говорят, что он едет в Москву. Не is said to have gone to Moscow. Говорят, что он уехал в Москву.
Примечание. После глагола to expect (to be likely) инфинитив обычно переводится будущим временем: Не is expected to come tomorrow. Ожидают, что он приедет завтра.
Упражнение
5. Переведите, обращая внимание на время глагола и форму инфинитива.
Engle, Saxon and Jute are considered to belong to the same Low German branch of the Teutonic family.
Historians appear to know but little of his life.
In Tacitus chronicles the Germans are reported to be people ploughing their fields.
«The Jumping Frog» by Mark Twain is said to have pleased its author best of all he wrote in that style.
Such places were held to be frequented by evil spirits .
The religion of the English is stated to be the same as that of the whole German family.
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The bulk of the people is said to have dwelt along the middle Elbe and on the Weser.
The name of Jutes happens to be still preserved in their district of Jutland.
A number of German tribes appears to have drawn together into the people of Saxons. These are known to have made the land between the Elba and the Ems their homeland.
The Island of Britain is known, to have been revealed to the Roman world by Julius Caesar in the year 55 В. С.
The peoples of all ancient civilizations are known to have made maps.
Tiw, the dark God, to meet whom was death, is supposed to have lent his name to Tuesday.
Great changes are expected to take place in the economies of these small countries in the near future.
Coal has been known to exist in India since 1772, and is said to have been worked as far back as 1775.
In 1611 Shakespeare appears to have retired to Stratford for good.29
Latin was supposed to be the only language worthy of study, and it was studied for a practical end.30
Оборот «именительный падеж с инфинитивом» с модальным глаголом. Модальный глагол в этой конструкции обычно переводится неопределенно-личным предложением:
Our story may be said to begin here.
Можно сказать, что наш рассказ начинается здесь.
Can be said — Можно сказать, что. . .
Cannot be said — Нельзя сказать, что. . .
Упражнения
4. Переведите, обращая внимание на модальные глаголы и отрицания.
As regards 31 the sound of words, we may almost be said to speak one language and to write another.
There is one important class of words to which our analysis does not seem to be applicable: proper nouns.
29 for good — навсегда, совсем.
30 for. . . end — c. . . целью.
31 as regards -— что касается (в начале предложения).
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These plays cannot be said to represent an unqualified advance.
Neither of the parties 32 can be said to have inified or planned their actions.
5. Four departments of the British Museum might justly be considered to constitute the British National Library.
The individuality which characterises any tongue may be said to consist of those general features, which distinguish it from other tongues.
In this broad sense of the term all the literature of the early nineteenth century may be said to be a product of Romanticism.
If this can be shown to be true, it would greatly improve our understanding of the original code.
Оборот «именительный с инфини-тивом» в о п р e д е л и т е л ь н о м придаточном пре д л о ж е н и и. Если оборот стоит в определительном придаточном предложении (которые начинаются словами which, that, who, а также бывают бессоюзными), то инфинитив переводится как сказуемое соответствующего русского определительного придаточного, а глагол в личной форме, стоящий перед инфинитивом, — как вводное безличное предложение типа: «как известно», «как полагают» и т. тт.:
Then conies a group of ballads which are known to date
from the 14th century.
Затем идет ряд баллад, которые, как известно, восходят к XIV столетию.
Оборот «причастие II от глаголов типа to think + инфинитив» и оборот «прилагательное likely+инфинитив». Иногда определительное придаточное предложение отсутствует и инфинитив стоит после причастия II от глаголов указанного типа или слова likely, выполняющих функцию определения. Перевод в этом случае не отличается от перевода определительного придаточного, причем слово likely переводится как вводное «вероятно», а инфинитив после него -- чаще всего сказуемым в будущем времени:
Now let us turn to the words likely to have taken their origin in Latin.
32 parties — здесь: (враждующие) стороны.
5 Т.Н. Мальчевская 65
Теперь обратимся к словам, которые, вероятно, произошли из латинского (языка).
Now we shall describe some objects thought to belong to this class.
Теперь опишем некоторые предметы, которые, как полагают, относятся к этому классу.
Упражнения
5. Переведите. I
1. The place of discovery was a hall which appears to have been the king's throne-room.
In the fifth century A. D. the one country that is known to have borne the name Angeln or England lay in the district now called Sleswick.
By far 33 the greatest of this school of dramatists is Marlow who may well 84 be said to have prepared the way for Shakespeare.
All the mental functions and activities which are said to be products of mind as distinct from 35 matter, are products of matter.
If details remain in which we disagree, they hardly can affect the general picture of this art that our different works will be found to contain.
Such ideas are, however, unscientific. Why? Because they assert that the processes they are supposed to be investigating take place without any cause.
II
7. This is one of the oldest roads in England, believed indeed to be prehistoric.
Cult-objects may also be identified by the peculiar form, known from other sources to belong exclusively to some group of cultic equipment.
Japan had the drama, said in its very beginning to have been associated with its religion.
33 by far — несомненно.
34 well после may, might — вполне.
35 as distinct from — в отличие от.
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10. The Classical Scholar will appreciate that the civilization, reputed to have furnished Greece with many myths, was very ancient and very real.
Повторение оборота «именительный с инфинитивом»
Переведите предложения с учетом всех особенностей оборота.
Human beings seem to have had the power of speech as far back as history can trace them; and animals, while they can make certain limited sounds and at times give them certain limited meanings, cannot be said to possess speech in the same sense that humans possess it.
When a book is greatly admired and often read, the language in which it is written is likely to be imitated to some extent by those who read it.
Practically, all of this material turns out under careful scrutiny to have not only value in itself, but some relevance to the subject in hand.36
This reference to Greece must not however, be taken to mean the Greek civilization of historic times, which belonged to a much later period.
Very often, even many English-born speakers may be heard to say that they pronounce letters, not sounds.
Later, Armenian and Albanese, and a few ancient languages known to us only from scant written records, proved also to belong to the Indo-European family.
The date of the original composition of the play cannot be determined. But it is proved to have been acted at Dresden in 1626, and is commonly supposed to date back much further.
No modern writer would be likely to write the following.
The relative conciseness of Latin has been thought to be shown by the fact that there are fewer words in a Latin sentence than in a normal English translation of it.
10. In order to explain, or rather better to understand the sudden and glorious rise of Elisabethan 37 literature,
36 in hand (at, on hand) - рассматриваемой (амер.). 37 Elisabethan — периода правления Елизаветы Тюдор (1533 — 1603).
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it is necessary to take a glance at the historical events which preceded it, and which may be said to have done much to make it possible.
11. The Chinese word for «mother», for instance, is «ma», even though Chinese is not supposed to have any connection with the languages of the West
Further investigations along the same lines 33 are likely to produce not only interesting information about the development of Byzantine painting, but also about the history of the whole European theatre.
Edward refused to admit baronial claims which were not attested in writing or could not be shown to have operated since the coronation of Richard I in 1190.
The Guildhall at Exeter, said to be the oldest municipal building in the country, is well worth a visit.
These fragments proved to be parts of a few large tablets.
Articles of this description appear to occur in Germany, and a number of specimens derived from the Island of Ru:gen, and thought to belong to this class, were presented for inspection by Mr. R.
Books of more lasting interest demand fuller treatment, 39 and the presence of bibliographies, tables and illustrations should be indicated on cards likely to be consulted by research workers.
The lake-dwellers of the stone age possessed a species of domestic dog of middle size, which they seem to have much valued, if the fact that it was not used as food, unless in cases of extreme need, warrants such a conclusion.
From 1580—1596 appeared the plays which may be said to represent the second stage of the Drama.
It is very probable that other deposits of the same nature will be found in the neighbouring territory close to the same ancient lake. This seems to be indicated by the remains of fossil animals recently discovered near Ambrona.
The French Revolution, which may be said to have begun with the Fall of the Bastille in 1789, was the outcome of centuries of oppression in France; and the ideas of reform were in the air long before its actual outbreak.
38 along . . . the lines — в направлении, в области
39 treatment -- обработка в библиотеке.
68
в
Повторение инфинитива
Переведите. Определите функции инфинитива
предложении.
These conditions are sufficiently homogenious to be grouped together.
Sanscrit, the earliest of the Indo-European tongues to make its appearance in written form, definitely displays the pitch-accent 40 pattern.
There is a distinction to be made between these classes of words.
He was the first English painter to portray his native countryside so sincerely.
The second book, to be published shortly, will deal with the history of the national-liberation movement,
These writers were no pedants. They were practical men who were accustomed to use their pens for practical purposes, and who wrote to make themselves understood, not to display their cleverness or learning.
To begin with, dialectal varieties are as numerous in Tuscany as anywhere else in the peninsula.
But the exceptions are too numerous here for any rule to be stated.
A name, to be a complete word, must, as the logicians put it, possess both denotation and connotation.
It is significant, however, that over most of England and the Lowlands of Scotland the language which came to predominate was English.
This ornament is to be found later in the group of Shibe in the Altai.
To consider in turn each of the predecessors of Byzantine culture, which did or could affect its development, and to give a general outline of the character of the contribution of each is the aim of this chapter.
In 1542, nearly fifty years after Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope, the Portuguese reached Japan, the first Europeans to view its shores.
A few additional factors of a geographical character which may have exercised an influence on artistic developments of one sort or another may also be noted.
40 pitch-accent — музыкальное ударение, 69
More curious is the mixture of «literary» and «colloquial» styles, of «high» and «low», to use the eighteenth- century terms.
This work was compiled by a learned monk named Dionysios of Fourna, who appears to have lived at the end of the fourteenth century.
The vital problem is to examine the premises on which he based his conclusions.
Even at the beginning of the seventeenth century the Confucian scholars used to shave their heads like Buddhist priests.
It remains, however, for much of this material to be published in an easily accessible form.
To his sovereign or lord a man was bound to be faithful, to his parents dutiful, and to his elder brother respectful.
The tomb of Shakespeare is in the chancel. A flat stone marks the spot where the bard is buried. There are four lines inscribed on it, said to have been written by himself.
The population was divided into a number of different classes: serfs were to be found, and slavery existed.
To prepare civil officials, schools were established in the capital and provinces.
The only remaining traces of these tribes are pit dwellings and shell mounds, and they must have been in the most primitive stages of culture.
The people of this period are supposed to have lived in huts of skins, leaving no traces behind them.
In olden days the swordsmen 41 used to travel all over Japan in order to perfect themselves in this art.
The essential fault of this work is to be found in the very plan.
The captain managed to secure his sextant, but when he went back for his chronometers, the chart-room was too deep in water for him to be able to reach them.
A distinction which one might be tempted to make from our material is that between literary and everyday language.
The country was torn to pieces, as it were, politically and socially. All over Japan the feudal lords were at war with one another, The masses must have suffered very much.
41 swordsman — фехтовальщик.
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31. Turning now from prose to poetry, we have to inquire, what are the characteristics of Modern English verse which the nature of the language has permitted or compelled to acquire?
32. The occasions when a Japanese samurai was bound to commit suicide were innumerable.
In addition to the local and unimportant peculiarities to be found in the British Isles, many different dialects must be springing up in other parts of the world.
My chief object in writing this chapter has been to make the reader realize that language is not exactly what a one-sided occupation with dictionaries and the usual grammars might lead us to think, but a set of habits, of actions, and that each word and each sentence spoken is a complex action on the part of the speaker.
Much of the material a biographer ought to consult, moreover, is widely dispersed or difficult of access.
As a rule, the poet is believed to be governed by language more than he governs it.
To assign all the words of English to their original sources is not to determine the mode of their entrance into English.
The dictionary shows that the number of words which may have originated in this way is very large.
The attempt is sometimes made to fix laws or rules for correct English in disregard 42 of the fact that the language changes, and that the standard or correct expression cannot be made to depend entirely on the use of an earlier time.
All the principal species of animal now raised for food seem to have been domesticated already in the Near East and Europe by societies still in the neolithic stage.
The polished stone celt 43 used to be regarded by archaeologists systernatists as the type fossil of the neolithic phase. And it was of course used by most but all,44 neolithic societies, for carpentry, as in mesolithic times.
The student may well 45 feel a little disappointed that, after listing as a topic «a survey of the languages of the world», linguistic science turns out to be able to give so little information about so many of them.
42 in disregard — несмотря на, не принимая во внимание.
43 celt — каменное или бронзовое долото (археол.).
44 most but all — здесь: едва ли не все. 45 may well — вполне может.
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