Программа по формированию навыков безопасного поведения на дорогах и улицах «Добрая дорога детства» 2
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Vocabulary:
Ex.2. Read the following international words and translate them. Personal, computer, function, system, instruction, microprocessor, combination, chip, optimization, virtual, characteristics, illusion, components, electricity, technology, era. Ex.3. Give the English equivalents for the expressions below. 1) выполнять числовые вычисления; 2) недорогое устройство; 3) однопользовательское применение; 4) выполнять задание; 5) вспомогательное запоминающее устройство; 6) предназначенный для оптимизации работы процессора; 7) способный хранить информацию; 8) установить основную связь; 9) дополнительная система памяти; 10) выполнение логического решения; 11) источник информации. Ex.4. Translate into Russian the words and expressions from the text. 1) software instructions; 2) storage units; 3) peripheral equipment; 4) input/output system; 5) cache memory; 6) central processing unit; 7) important data; 8) internal storage capacity; 9) essential tool; 10) weather reports. Ex.5. Agree or disagree with the following statements. 1. Software of a personal computer is oriented toward multi-user applications. 2. Without software instructions, the hardware doesn’t know what to do. 3. Memory has to be fast because it connects directly to the CPU. 4. Random-access memory (RAM) is a permanent type of memory storage. 5. Read-only memory (ROM) is capable to store the information for a long time, even when the computer is switched off. 6. The computer uses BIOS to establish basic communication when it is turned on. 7. Cache is the main type of memory storage, which the computer uses for important data that does not change. 8. Virtual memory is a scheme that gives users the illusion of working with a large block of memory space. 9. All the internal components of a computer are connected to the motherboard. 10. A great variety of information sources is available by using of different databases and computer networks. Ex.6. Odd one out. The following words have something in common, but there is one that is different. Say what they have in common, and why one is different. Example
You can read them all, but a magazine is a periodical. 1) DRAM, CPU, ROM, Cache; 2) main memory, arithmetic-logic unit, electrical transformer, control unit; 3) microwave oven, video camera, video recorder, mobile phone, computer case; 4) e-mail, Excel, World Wide Web (www), ICQ, Chat. Ex.7. Word-matching. Match a word in A with a word in B.
Ex.8. Guess the word from the text using the given definition. 1. … is a large-capacity permanent storage to hold information such as software, documents and photos. 2. … oversees almost everything that a computer does. 3. … is the main circuit board where you connect all internal components. 4. … is a very fast storage to hold data. 5. … are the programs that tell the hardware how to perform a task. Ex.9. State questions to the underlined words. 1. A computer is called hardware because it has no intelligence by itself. 2. Power supply is an electrical transformer, which regulates the electricity used by the computer. 3. Computers perform all operations electronically. 4. The microprocessor of the computer system is called the central processing unit (CPU). 5. Computers receive operational instructions from stored programs. Ex.10. Find in the text examples of gerund and infinitive with “to”. Ex.11. Topics for discussion. 1. The central processing unit. 2. Types of memory. 3. Significance of a computer in the modern world. Unit 2 Ex.1 Read the text. The History of Computer Development A computer might be described with deceptive simplicity as “an apparatus that performs routine calculations automatically.” The earliest known calculating device is probably the abacus. It dates back at least to 1100 BC and is still in use today, particularly in Asia. Now, as then, it typically consists of a rectangular wooden frame with thin parallel rods strung with beads which represent units, tens, hundreds and so on. Calculations are made by moving the beads up and down. By the second decade of the 19th century, a number of ideas necessary for the invention of the computer were in the air. Specific methods to make automated calculation more practical, such as doing multiplication by adding logarithms or by repeating addition, had been invented, and experience with both analog and digital devices had shown some of the benefits of each approach. Charles Babbage (1792–1871) an English mathematician and inventor, drew up the first plans for a programmable digital computer in 1834. As a founding member of the Royal Astronomical Society, Babbage had seen a clear need to design and build a mechanical device that could automate long, tedious astronomical calculations. He began by writing a letter in 1822 to Sir Humphry Davy, president of the Royal Society, about the possibility of automating the construction of mathematical tables–specifically, logarithm tables for use in navigation. Tables then in use often contained errors, which could be a life-and-death matter for sailors at sea, and Babbage argued that, by automating the production of the tables, he could assure their accuracy. Having gained support in the society for his Difference Engine, as he called it, Babbage next turned to the British government to fund development, obtaining one of the world's first government grants for research and technological development. The Difference Engine was more than a simple calculator, however. It mechanized not just a single calculation but a whole series of calculations on a number of variables to solve a complex problem. It went far beyond calculators in other ways as well. Like modern computers, the Difference Engine had storage–that is, a place where data could be held temporarily for later processing. The full engine, designed to be room-size, was never built, at least not by Babbage. Although he struggled on unsuccessfully in the hope of completing the machine until his death. All the same, Babbage's Analytical Engine was something new under the sun. Its most revolutionary feature was the ability to change its operation by changing the instructions on punched cards. Until this breakthrough, all the mechanical aids to calculation were merely calculators or, like the Difference Engine, glorified calculators. The Analytical Engine, although not actually completed, was the first machine that deserved to be called a computer. The rapidly advancing field of electronics led to construction of the first general-purpose electronic computer in 1946 at the University of Pennsylvania. It was Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer or ENIAC, the device contained 18,000 vacuum tubes, weighed approximately 30 tons and had a speed of several hundred multiplications per minute. Its program was wired into the processor and had to be manually altered. Its first task was doing calculations for the construction of a hydrogen bomb. Vocabulary:
Ex.2. Give the English equivalents for the following words and word combinations. 1) типовой расчёт; 2) использоваться; 3) представлять собой; 4) цифровой прибор; 5) разрабатывать; 6) логарифмическая таблица; 7) точность; 8) совершенствование технологии; 9) решать сложную проблему; 10) достичь успеха, далеко пойти; 11) весить; 12) вручную. Ex.3. Translate into Russian the words and expressions from the text. 1) calculating device; 2) invention; 3) multiplication; 4) repeating addition; 5) programmable; 6) a life-and-death matter; 7) all the same; 8) aid; 9) advancing field; 10) general-purpose electronic computer. Ex.4. Find in the text related words and translate them. calculating – calculation – calculator Ex.5. Word-matching. Match a word in A with a word in B.
Ex.6. Answer the questions. 1. What can be described as “an apparatus that performs routine calculations automatically”? 2. What is abacus? 3. What does abacus consist of? 4. What were the specific methods to make automated calculation more practical? 5. What is Charles Babbage known for? 6. How did the Difference Engine operate? 7. What was the first machine that deserved to be called a computer? 8. When and where was the first general-purpose electronic computer constructed? 9. What kind of device was ENIAC? 10. What was the first task of ENIAC? Ex.7. Agree or disagree with the following statements. 1. Abacus dates back at least to 1100 AD and is still in use today, particularly in Asia. 2. As a founding member of the American Astronomical Society, Babbage had seen a clear need to design and build a mechanical device that could automate long, tedious astronomical calculations. 3. Having gained support in the society for his Difference Engine, as he called it, Babbage next turned to the British government to fund development, obtaining one of the world's first government grants for research and technological development. 4. The Difference Engine was just a simple calculator. 5. Before the introduction of the Analytical Engine, all the mechanical aids to calculation were merely calculators or, like the Difference Engine, glorified calculators. 6. The program of the Difference Engine was wired into the processor and had to be manually altered. Ex.8. State questions to the underlined words. 1. Abacus is still in use today, particularly in Asia. 2. Calculations are made by moving the beads up and down. 3. By the second decade of the 19th century, a number of ideas necessary for the invention of the computer were in the air. 4. Charles Babbage drew up the first plans for a programmable digital computer in 1834. 5. Tables then in use often contained errors. 6. Babbage turned to the British government to fund development. Ex.9. Fill in the preposition. 1. It typically consists … a rectangular wooden frame. 2. It mechanized not just a single calculation but a whole series … calculations … a number of variables to solve a complex problem. 3. The full engine, designed to be room-size, was never built, at least not … Babbage. 4. Although he struggled … unsuccessfully … the hope of completing the machine … his death. 5. Babbage's Analytical Engine was something new … the sun. Ex.10. Find five sentences with modal verbs in the text, translate them. Ex.11. Talk on the contribution Charles Babbage made to the development of computer science. Unit 3 Ex.1. Read the following international words, translate them into Russian and try to memorize. Computers, design, process, system, control, theory, theoretical, components, mathematical, analysis, algorithms, technique, designer, discipline, engineering, architecture, graphics, form, methods, structure. Ex.2. Read and learn the following special words and word combinations. Cover the right column and read them into English, checking your pronunciation.
Ex.3. Read the text and render it in Russian. Computer science Computer science means the study of computers, including their design (architecture) and their uses for computations, data processing, and system control. The field of computer science includes engineering activities such as the design of computers and of the hardware and software that make up computer systems. It also encompasses theoretical, mathematical activities, such as the design and analysis of algorithms, performance studies of systems and their components by means of techniques like queuing theory, and the estimation of the reliability and availability of systems by probabilistic techniques. Since computer systems are often too large and complicated to allow a designer to predict failure or success without testing, experimentation is incorporated into development cycle. Computer science is generally considered a discipline separate from computer engineering, although the two disciplines overlap extensively in the area of computer architecture, which is the design and study of computer systems. The major subdisciplines of computer science have traditionally been (1) architecture (including all levels of hardware design, as well as the integration of hardware and software components to form computer systems), (2) software (the programs, or sets of instructions, that tell a computer how to carry out tasks), here subdivided into software engineering, programming languages, operating systems, information systems and databases, artificial intelligence, and computer graphics, and (3) theory, which includes computational methods and numerical analysis on the one hand and data structures and algorithms on the other.
Ex.4. Answer these questions basing your answers on the text. 1. What does computer science deal with? 2. What is computer science used for? 3. Why is computer science vitally important for society? 4. What is the divergence between engineering, theoretical and mathematical activities? 5. What does each separate activity mean? 6. Will you explain your understanding the discipline of computer science? Ex.5. Learn these synonyms. 1) to include – to contain, to consist of, to lie in; 2) to encompass – to put into; 3) complicated – complex, intricate; 4) estimation – appraisement, valuation, appreciation; 5) to allow – to let, to permit. Ex. 6. Points to ponder.
Ex.7. Translate the sentences paying attention to the structure of the type- “the more…, the less”, “the more…, the more…”. 1. The more we learn about computer science, the more we realize the progress of humanity. 2. The more we study human brain, the more we become aware of no one existing computer can approach it. 3. The more computers there are in everyday use, the less routine mental work people have to do. Ex.8. Form nouns from the following verbs with the help of the suffix “–tion-“. Compute, estimate, complicate, predict, consider, instruct, inform. Ex.9. Say whether these statements are false or true, and if they are false, say why?
Ex.10. Use the following verbs to complete the sentences. Sometimes you need them to be negative. to include, to make up, to encompass, to tell. 1. It is software which … a computer how to carry out tasks. 2. The field of computer science … engineering activities. 3. Under engineering activities we mean software and hardware, that …computer systems. 4. The field of computer science also … theoretical and mathematical activities. Unit 4 Ex.1. Guess the meaning of the following international words, translate them and practice their pronunciation. Program, information, disk, control, system, printer, services, function, details, pulse, factor. Ex.2. Read the text and make its outline. Operating systems When computers were first introduced in the 1940’s and 50’s, every program written had to provide instructions that told the computer how to use devices such as printer, how to store information on a disk, as well how to perform several other tasks not necessarily related to the program. The additional program instructions for working with hardware devices were very complex, and time - consuming. Programmers soon realized it would be smarter to develop one program that could control the computer’s hardware, which other programs could have used when they needed it. With that, the first operating system was born. An operating system is a set of programs that lies between applications software and the computer hardware. The most important program in the operating system, the program that manages the operating system, is the supervisor program, most of which remains in memory and is thus referred as resident. The supervisor controls the entire operating system and loads into memory other operating system programs (called non- resident) from disk storage only as needed. An operating system has three main functions: (1) manage the computer’s resources, such as the central processing unit, memory, disk drives, and printers, (2) establish a user interface, and (3) execute and provide services for applications software. Keep in mind, however, that much of the work of an operating system is hidden from the user. In particular, the first listed function, managing the computer’s resources, is taken care of without the user being aware of the details. Furthermore, all input and output operations, although invoked by an applications program, are actually carried out by the operating system. The operating system is the control program that keeps a finger on the pulse of the computer hardware. The purpose of the system is to help management make efficient use of the overall system. It decides which jobs should run on a priority basis, depending on the facilities needed by each one, and the importance attached to the job when it is submitted. Operating systems are usually written by computer manufacturers. Some of the operating systems remain in the computer memory all the time the computer is running, while the other ones are loaded from disk storage as they are needed and overwritten when not required until later. The programs are inbuilt into the computer. So, operating systems can handle several programs at a time via time- sharing mode which can optimize the use of the computer hardware. The operating system of the computer is one of the main factors which contribute to its capabilities. Today, operating systems control and manage the use of hardware devices such as printer or mouse. They also provide disk management by letting you store information in files. Besides, the operating system also lets you run programs such as the basic word processor. Lastly, the operating system provides several of its own commands that help you to use the computer. DOS is the most commonly used PC operating system. DOS is an abbreviation for disk operating system. DOS was developed by a company named Microsoft. MS – DOS is an abbreviation for «Microsoft DOS». When IBM first released the IBM PC in 1981, IBM licensed DOS from Microsoft for use on the PC and called it PC- DOS. From the users’ perspective, PC- DOS and MS – DOS are the same, each providing the same capabilities and commands.
Ex.3. Look through the text, in order to check your answer and to find the answers to the following questions.
Ex.4. Complete the gaps in this brief summary of the text on operating systems using these linking words and phrases. although in addition because such as but therefore The user is aware of the effects of different applications programs ……. operating systems are invisible to most users. They lie between applications programs, ……… word processing, and the hardware. The supervisor program is the most important. It remains in memory, ……. It is referred to as resident. Others are called non – resident ……. they are loaded into memory only when needed. Operating systems manage the computer’s resources, ……… the central processing unit. …….., they establish a user interface, and execute and provide services for applications software. …….. input and output operations are invoked by applications programs, they are carried out by the operating system. Ex.5. Insert the words. 1. Programmers soon (осознали) it would be (разумнее) to develop one program that could (управлять) the computer’s hardware. 2. An operating system is a (ряд) of programs, that lies between (применение, использование) software and the computer hardware. 3. Furthermore, (все операции ввода и вывода), although invoked by an applications program, are actually (выполняются) by the operating system. Ex.6. Rephrase the following sentences. 1. One task of the supervisor program is to load into memory non – resident programs as required. 2. The role of the operating system is to communicate directly with the hardware. 3. One of the key functions of the operating system is to establish a user interface. 4. An additional role is to provide services for applications software. 5. Part of the work of mainframe operating systems is to support multiple programs and users. 6. One of the most important functions of a computer is to process large amounts of data quickly. 7. The main reason for installing more money is to allow the computer to process data faster. 8. The task in most cases is to facilitate interaction between a single user and a PC. Ex.7. Match the phrases from the first column to the ones similar in meaning from the second column.
Ex.8. Fill in the gaps with the phrases from the previous exercise. (№7) 1. I use it mainly for word processing (but not writing, which I still do with a pen), ... , from the Internet, for writing purposes or for the travel. 2. I used to think the PC’s main purpose in our lives was to … it took to get things done so that people could enjoy other hobbies – skiing, for example. 3. The PC is becoming … of our private and professional lives I should say. 4. It was a small thing produced here in England, … the TV. 5. And that was what got me really interested because the Macintosh is very … . Ex.9. Render the text in Russian. Ex.10. Speak on the main gist of the text, the main facts only. Be as concise as it is possible. Unit 5 Ex.1. Read the following international words and word combinations. Electronic, computer, magnetic, magnetism, type, disk, mechanism, vacuum, factors, copies, standard, scheme. Ex.2. Read and learn the following special words and word combinations.
Ex.3. Read the text and make up its outline. Storage devices The electronic memory inside a computer is of limited capacity and can only hold data when the computer is switched on. A storage device is used to store data that is not being processed and to save data when computer is switched off. There is a variety of storage devices and storage media available. These include magnetic devices (e.g. floppy disk drives, hard disk drives, tape drives), optical devices (e.g. CD-ROM and DVD drives), and magneto-optical drives. Disks have to be treated with care if you don’t want to damage them or the data stored on them. Damage can be caused by physical strain, dust, smoke particles, fingermarks, sunlight, heat, and magnetism, depending on the type of media used. When in use, a disk rotates at high speed and a read/ write head is brought very close to its surface. If the disk is removed when the drive is in use, the read/ write head and the disk surface may be damaged. If extra labels are attached to the disk, it can very easily get stuck in the drive. In this case, it should not be removed forcibly in case the drive mechanism or the surface of the disk is damaged. A hard disk is particularly easily damaged because it contains more than one disk and read/ write head. The read/ write heads are extremely close to the surfaces of the disks and the disks spin at a very high speed. Even a small smoke or dust particle can destroy the drive. It is therefore enclosed in a vacuum sealed case. If a hard disk suddenly fails completely, the disk is to have crashed. When comparing storage devices, the following factors have to be taken into account. What is the storage cost per megabyte? How fast are they at reading and writing data? What is their maximum storage capacity? Are they used by the people you need to exchange data with? Do they conform to a standard? Are they fixed or removable? Are they read only or read and write? Do they use random or serial access? It is important to keep backup copies of stored data. Magnetic tape is often used because it is very cheap and can hold extremely large amounts of data. It is common to use a backup scheme where a number of tapes are used in rotation. Ex.4. Answer the questions on the text.
Ex.5. Speak about the contents of the text in accordance with your outline. Ex.6. Copy out from the text all the predicates in the Passive Voice with their subjects and translate them into Russian. Ex.7. Fill in the chart, using the contents of the text.
Ex.8. Are these sentences true (v) or false (x). Correct the false sentences. You’d better start your answer with the following: In my opinion it is true that… I’m afraid it is false that…because…
Ex.9. Answer the questions, using the structure – To have something done . Choose from the boxes. Write sentences in the way shown.
Model: Why did we have to switch our computer on? To have our work done. 1. What do we use a storage device for? 2. What is the only function of the electronic memory? 3. Why do disks have to be treated with care? 4. What is the purpose of extra labels? 5. Why should we enclose our disks in a vacuum sealed case? Ex.10. Use the following verbs to complete the sentences. Sometimes you need them to be negative. hold(s) remove include destroy want 1. These storage devices ……… magnetic devices (e.g. floppy disk drives, hard disk drives, tape drives), optical devices (e.g. CD-ROM and DVD drives), and magneto- optical drives. 2. You should treat disk with care if you ……..to damage it or data on it. 3. …… the disk forcibly in case the drive mechanism or the surface of the disk is damaged. 4. Even a small smoke or dust particle can ……. the drive. 5. Magnetic tape is very cheap and …… extremely large amounts of data. Ex.11. Points to ponder.
Unit 6 Ex.1. Read the following international words, translate and try to memorize them. Instruction, specific, action, information, complex, programming, mathematical, algorithm, method, system. Ex.2. Read the text and make up an outline. Programming A modern digital computer is simply a device that follows instructions. These instructions tell the computer how to perform specific actions such as writing information to the video screen, performing complex computations, or reading data from a floppy disk. In order to solve a problem using a computer, we must express the solution to the problem in terms of the instructions of the particular computer. A computer program is actually just a list of instructions necessary to solve a specific problem, and the creation of this instruction list is computer programming. Programming is the process of producing a set of instructions for a computer to make it perform a specific task. The task can be anything from the solution to a mathematical problem to the production of a graphics package. The approach or method that is used to solve the problem is known as an algorithm. For example, if we wish to develop a program that tests if a number is odd or even, then the set of statements which solves the problem becomes the problem. The method that is used to test if the number is even or odd is the algorithm. To develop a program, to solve a |
