Программа по формированию навыков безопасного поведения на дорогах и улицах «Добрая дорога детства» 2
Скачать 0.83 Mb.
|
UNIT I. Training Scientists in RussiaMaking a decision on a career is not easy. Every university graduate faces it. There are many opportunities that are worth trying. One of them is undertaking science. The choice of a future career is not a problem for people who get interested in science at school and being students take part in scientific work in different students' societies. They often dedicate themselves to science. So many of them take postgraduate courses to continue their studies and research work. Such courses were established in our country in 1925 and laid the foundation for training scientists. People can take a postgraduate course right after graduating from University, but they can also do it after some years of practical work. Some people do a Master’s course first and then continue working at their research paper to get the degree of candidate of science. In order to take a postgraduate course all of them have to take examinations in a special subject, philosophy and foreign languages. There is also an extra-mural course of postgraduate training for those who want to do a scientific investigation and do not want to leave work. All postgraduates who take a full-time postgraduate course get state allowances. Universities and institutes provide postgraduates free of charge with necessary scientific instruments and experimental equipment which enable them to carry out research. They work under experienced scientific advisers who encourage them in their research. But that is not the only way to train future scientists. Another way is to create conditions for specialists to carry on research in different companies or laboratories and present a thesis for a scientific degree after they finish their work. The first academic degree in Russia is called "Candidate of Science". It is gained after 3 to 5 years in a postgraduate school. There is a second academic degree: "Doctor of Science". This Degree may be earned by those, who have made a substantial contribution to the science. The top of the pyramid are "Academicians", who are of two classes: "Associate Members" (Corresponding Members) and "Full Members". The latter have the same recognition in Russia as the Nobel Prize winners in the West. WORDS AND WORD COMBINATIONS TO BE MEMORIZEDscience a postgraduate student a scientist to take entrance examinations a scientific training to pass an examination a scientific adviser (supervisor) to establish a scientific degree establishment research to lay the foundation a research student to investigate to do research, to carry on research investigation to take a postgraduate course thesis syn. dissertation to provide to present (to read) a thesis extra-mural course of postgraduate training free of charge to gain to make a contribution EXERCISES1. Answer the following questions on the text. 1) What problem does every university graduate face? 2) When and where do some people begin to take part in scientific work? 3) What is the main way of training scientists in Russia? 4) When were the postgraduate courses in Russia established? 5) What entrance examinations does one have to take to become a postgraduate student? 6) Can people get a postgraduate training without leaving their work? 7) Do all postgraduates get state allowances? 8) Do universities provide young people with everything necessary to prepare for a scientific career? 9) Who do postgraduates work under? 10) What is another way of training scientists in our country? 11) What are the main academic degrees? 2. Form nouns from the following verbs, translate into Russian: to graduate, to decide, to equip, to train, to help, to study, to learn, to research, to establish, to found, to provide, to create, to present, to investigate 3. Insert words and expressions from the text: take examinations, training scientists, provide, get state allowances, experimental equipment, carry on, the degree of candidate of science, an extra-mural course of postgraduate training, a postgraduate course 1) ... is the main way in which research workers and higher-school teachers get … . 2) Young people who want to take a postgraduate course ... in a special subject, philosophy and a foreign language. 3) The establishment of postgraduate courses in 1925 laid the foundation for... . 4) All post-graduates who take a full-time postgraduate course ... . 5) Institutes and Universities … postgraduates with necessary scientific instruments and ... which enable them to ... research. 6) There is also … for people who want to do a scientific investigation and do not want to leave their work. 4. Answer the following questions using words in brackets and some of the introductory phrases: as far as I know, as far as I remember, in my opinion, certainly, most probably, to tell the truth, if I am not mistaken, of course, I hope so, as far as I can judge. EXAMPLE: - Do you work hard? (to be associated with). - Of course, I do. I am associated with a team of workers and all of us work hard. 1) Are you going to take part in the research carried on in your laboratory? (to obtain new data). 2) What activities is your supervisor engaged in? (to be at the head of, to give / deliver / lectures). 3) Do you work alone at your problem? (in a team / in collaboration with). 4) What is the main problem you work at? (to work under supervision). 5) Are you very busy? (further studies). 6) Is your friend a mathematician? (to be concerned with problems of economy). 5. Paraphrase the following sentences using the expressions: in one’s opinion, to be of the opinion that ..., to be of the same (of a different) opinion on some point, to differ in opinion on some point EXAMPLE: I think (that) the theory works well. I am of the opinion that the theory works well. In my opinion it works well. 1) I think, your approach will give reliable results. 2) I quite agree with you on what you say. 3) I think I’ll arrange all necessary data by the end of the year. 4) I am afraid we must use some other method of investigation. 5) In my opinion he succeeded in obtaining reliable results. 6) I find him very experienced and talented. 7) It seems to me he studies free of charge. 6. React to the following using the verbs to obtain or to receive. Mind: to obtain means "to get something by making efforts" (to obtain data, evidence, information, knowledge, a result, a degree; to receive a degree is also possible), to receive means "to get what is offered, given, sent" (to receive a letter, news, a telegram, education, training, an award). EXAMPLE: - You obtained valuable information, didn’t you? - Yes, I did. I’m glad to tell you I succeeded in obtaining some important information. 1) Did you obtain some convincing experimental evidence to prove your hypothesis? 2) As far as I remember, you received your education at the University of Moscow. Is it really so? 3) I know you received a Master’s degree. Are you going to continue your studies? 4) I suppose you obtained a lot of experience through your work, didn’t you? 5) Have you received any news from your colleagues in London? 6) Have you received an invitation to the scientific conference in Toronto? 7) Will the data obtained help you to proceed with your experiment? 7. Translate into English. 1) Я учусь в аспирантуре. 2) Профессор Смирнов исследует проблемы твердого тела. 3) Моя сестра поступила в аспирантуру два года назад. 4) Он сделал важное открытие. 5) Я провожу исследования в лаборатории два раза в неделю. 6) Она совмещает обучение в аспирантуре с работой. 7) Он читает лекции по философии в нашем университете. 8) Мой друг успешно сдал вступительные экзамены в аспирантуру. 9) Вы занимаетесь английским? 10) Как долго вы работаете над диссертаций? 8. Work in pairs asking these questions. Give both short and full answers. EXAMPLE: - Is your work associated with experimenting? - Yes, it is. My work is associated with experimenting. 1) Did you carry on research in a students’ group or society while being a student? 2) Do you apply your knowledge of the theory to your experimental work? 3) Will you be engaged in the solution of some particular problem? 4) Are you interested in research? 5) Does the head of your department encourage research? 6) Did your supervisor encourage you to read a paper at the conference? 7) Are there any scientists of international reputation working at your University? 8) Does your research cover a wide range of subjects? 9. Ask as many questions as possible based on the following sentences. 1) They devote much effort to experiments. 2) My friend has already passed his examination in philosophy. 3) I usually consult my supervisor twice a week. 4) He works under Professor Sokolov. 5) They are interested in the production of new coatings. 6) My sister took up a postgraduate course last year. 7) He graduated from our University four years ago. 8) I have been doing my research for three years. *10. Answer the following questions about yourself and your postgraduate studies. 1) Where are you from? 2) Where did you receive your education? 3) When did you graduate from the University? What is your specialty? 4) Did you do some further studies after the graduation? 5) What activities are you engaged in at present? 6) Are you a research student or a postgraduate student / a full-time or part-time postgraduate student? What year are you in? 7) When did you take a postgraduate course? 8) What entrance examinations did you pass? 9) Do you attend classes in English and Philosophy? 10) Do you combine studies with your work? 11) What field of science do you carry on your research in? |
