Учебно-методическое пособие казановедение
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Александр Дюма (1802-1870) – французский писатель, посетивший Казань в 1858-59 г.г.
В конце сентября 1858 г. пароход Нахимов, на котором А.Дюма путешествовал в сопровождении пейзажиста Жана-Пьера Муане и переводчика, московского студента Александра Калино, отошел от пристани Нижнего Новгорода и взял курс на Казань. Казань у А.Дюма ассоциировалась с именами Ивана Грозного и Андрея Курбского. Он представлял Казань местом единения Европы и Азии. О своих первых впечатлениях о Казани А.Дюма писал: «27 сентября 1859 года часов в шесть вечера с первым тенями сумерек мы увидели на холме в шести-семи верстах от реки минареты древнего города. Уже стемнело, когда мы бросили якорь и высадились на крутом берегу. Мы взяли двое дрожек для себя и телегу для багажа. После десятиминутной тряски по рытвинам и ухабам мы каким-то чудом без происшествий добрались до места назначения». В Казани писатель намеревался прожить неделю. И для проживания выбрал недорогую гостиницу пароходного общества Меркурий в Адмиралтейской слободе. Из окон его номера был хороший обзор казанского Кремля. С погодой ему повезло – стояло «бабье лето». Буквально с первого дня пребывания в нашем городе А.Дюма сделался популярной личностью. Его наперебой приглашали на обеды, возили на охоту. А.Дюма в восторге писал: «Услужливость всякого рода сопровождает нас на всем пути. Каждый человек с положением, всякий офицер в чинах, любой известный коммерсант говорит по-французски и тотчас же отдает в ваше распоряжение свой дом и свой экипаж». Но не только гостеприимство восхищало А.Дюма – сам город оставил неизгладимое впечатление: «Казань – один из тех городов, что предстают перед вами в дымке истории. Город имеет девятьсот восемьдесят улиц, десять мостов, четыре тысячи триста домов, много церквей, монастырей, десять мечетей, две гостиницы, семь трактиров, два кабака, пятьдесят две тысячи двести сорок четыре жителя. Наша гостиница была расположена так, что мы могли увидеть Казань, лишь пройдя полверсты. Далее была огромная дамба длиною в пять верст, такая прямая, будто ее строили по бечевке. Увиденная с дамбы Казань словно поднимается из глубин огромного озера. Открываясь взору со своим старым Кремлем, она являет собою зрелище самое фантастическое. На подступах к Казани мы прошли огромную протоку под названием Булак. Я не знаю ничего более живописного, чем длинная цепочка деревянных домов, которые выстроены по ту сторону Булака, и сотнями окон каждый вечер загораются огоньки, создавая подобие праздничной иллюминации. Здесь церковь и мечеть соседствуют и являют пример такого братского дружества меж крестом и полумесяцем, какое, пожалуй, можно встретить только в Казани». А.Дюма писал и о том, как генерал-интендант Яблоновский, ставший его гидом, показывал достопримечательности Казани: «Начали с Кремля. Здесь Иван Грозный и Сююмбике – самые популярные личности, один – потому что сделал городу много зла, другая – потому что сделала городу много добра. Побывали мы и в соборе. Осмотрев Кремль и собор, мы пошли по лавкам. Казань славится кожами и мехами». А.Дюма посетил Казанский университет, где был принят ректором, членом-корреспондентом Российской Академии наук О.Ковалевским. Для того чтобы не искушать судьбу, встречу со студентами из программы исключили – мало ли что они могли наговорить вольнолюбивому французу. А.Дюма описал университет весьма иронично: « ... у него есть библиотека в 27000 томов, которые никто не читает, 124 студента, которые занимаются как только можно меньше, кабинет естественной истории, который посещают одни иностранцы». А.Дюма побывал в анатомическом театре, где ему показали скелеты известных волжских разбойников. Были дни, когда писатель с переводчиком просто гулял по городу, заходил в книжные лавки, искал нужные ему для работы издания. Однажды, зная, что в его лавку заглянет автор Трех мушкетеров, один из книготорговцев выставил на полках только издания А.Дюма на русском языке. – А где же книги других писателей? – изумленно спросил французский сочинитель. И растерявшийся книготорговец неожиданно для самого себя выпалил: – Продали-с! В завершение своего визита в Казань А.Дюма был приглашен на охоту, во время которой настрелял множество зайцев. В какое-то мгновение у писателя зародилось сомнение: не загнаны ли зайцы специально, чтобы доставить удовольствие гостю? «В Казани даже зайцы любезны», – остроумно прокомментировал А.Дюма ситуацию. 3 октября А. Дюма продолжил путешествие вниз по Волге вплоть до самой Астрахани. К сожалению, визит знаменитого писателя в Казань не нашел прямого отражения в его последующих романах. Но еще долго казанское общество вспоминало смешные выходки экстравагантного француза. Alexander Duma (1802-1870) – a French writer, the author of Three Musketeers Officially Alexander Duma came to Russia on the invitation of Count G.Kuleshev-Bezborodko. The writer gave a description of his journey that lasted from the end of June 1858 until February 1859 in his 7-volume work Impressions from a Journey to Russia. A.Duma wrote, ‘I can’t imagine the easiest and the most pleasant journey than the one around Russia.’ The writer was also delighted by Russian hospitality, ‘My tour through Russia is the most wonderful journey I’ve ever had before.’ According to the famous French novelist, Russia attracted him by its “Asian mystery”. However, the great empire was not eager to open the borders for him. Moreover, for many years A.Duma had been blacklisted – he was not allowed to enter the country. The reason for that was his novel Notes of the Fencing Master, published in 1840. The novel was about the Decembrist I.Annenkov and his wife – a Frenchwoman Polina Gebl. In his book A.Duma published a lot of facts concerning the Romanovs which were not allowed to mention in Russia. Notes of the Fencing Master became a very popular novel in Europe, though it was poorer than other Duma’s works, but it was suppressed in Russia. Apparently, the novel was brought to Russia illegally and took the fancy of a lot of readers – the forbidden fruit is tasty. Thus, A.Duma became extremely popular with the ‘freedom loving’ part of Russian society but at the same time he arose hostility of the Court. A.Duma got a visa only in 1858 when Alexander II ascended the throne. Nevertheless, when the tsar allowed A.Duma to enter the country, he ordered Count Dolgoruky – the gendarmes’ chief – to control the famous Frenchman by following him from one Russian border to the other. So at the end of September 1858 the ship Nakhimov (with A.Duma on board) headed for Kazan. The novelist was accompanied by a landscape painter Gan-Pierre Muane, and an interpreter Alexander Kalino. During the journey A.Duma spent all of his time writing travel notes that were printed in a weekly French journal Monte Christo and in the column From St.Petersburg to Astrakhan. A.Duma associated Kazan with Ivan the Terrible and Andrei Kurbskiy. He fancied Kazan as the place where the European and Asian cultures intermixed. A.Duma wrote about his first impressions of Kazan, ‘At about 6 p.m. on the 27th of September, 1859, we saw minarets of the ancient city at a distance of 6-7 miles. It was already dark when we anchored and landed on a steep bank. We took two carriages and a wagon for our baggage. After a ten-minute riding along a pit-and-bum road we finally got to the place without any accidents.’ It should be mentioned that A.Duma looked rather ridiculous. He wore a dress of a participant of the Russian volunteer corps. In reply to all the questions about his dress A.Duma said, ‘I’ve left the European dress in the last European city – St.Petersburg.’ A.Duma intended to stay in Kazan for a week. He chose a cheap hotel belonging to the ship company Mercury in Admiralteistvo. The windows of his room overlooked a picturesque view of the Kazan Kremlin. The weather was also wonderful – it was Indian summer. Since the very first day of his stay in Kazan A.Duma became very popular. He was constantly invited to dinners and hunting. A.Duma wrote with excitement, ‘Everybody is so obliging here! Each man of a high status, each officer of a high rank, each merchant speaks French and is eager to invite to his house and offer his carriage.’ A.Duma was delighted not only by the hospitality of the citizens but also by the city itself, ‘Kazan is one of the cities that are full of historical mystery. There are 980 streets, 10 bridges, 4,300 houses, plenty of churches, monasteries and nunneries, 10 mosques, and 2 hotels in Kazan; 52,244 citizens live here. Our hotel is very well located – just a half-mile walk from the centre of Kazan. Furthermore, there is a huge 5-mile dam; it is so straight as if it were built with the help of a rope. If you stand on the dam and look at Kazan, the city seems to grow from the bottom of a big lake. Kazan with its Kremlin is a fantastic sight! On approach to Kazan we passed a big channel called Bulak. I’ve never seen a more picturesque view than the one of a long row of wooden houses situated on the opposite bank of Bulak, and the illumination from hundreds of windows lit up in the darkness is magnificent. Churches and mosques coexisting in one city is the symbol of strong friendship which you can find only in Kazan.’ A.Duma also wrote about the sightseeing with his guide – General Yablonovsky, ‘We started from the Kremlin. Here the most popular characters are Ivan the Terrible and Suyumbika – one was famous for doing harm and the other for doing good. We also visited the cathedral. Then we went to the market. Kazan markets are famous for leather and fur.’ Of course, A.Duma also visited Kazan Imperial University where he was hosted by O.M.Kovalevsky – the rector of the University. Meeting with the students wasn’t arranged, it was considered dangerous – who knows what they could have told the Frenchman. A.Duma described the University rather ironically, ‘… there is a library containing 27000 books which nobody reads, 124 students who study as little as possible, a room of Natural History where only foreign visitors go to.’ A.Duma attended the anatomical theatre where he could see the skeletons of the famous Volga robbers. Sometimes the writer just walked with his interpreter, dropped in bookshops, looked for editions of his works. There was a very ridiculous situation when one of book-sellers, having heard about A.Duma’s intention to visit his shop, put only the books by A.Duma on the shelves. – Where are the books by other authors? – asked the French writer in great astonishment. The book-seller was taken aback and suddenly answered: – They are all sold! At the end of his visit to Kazan A.Duma was invited to go hunting. He shot plenty of hares. At some moment, the writer began to wonder whether the hares had been brought to the bay to please him. ‘In Kazan even the hares are amiable,” was A.Duma’s comment on the situation. On October 3, A.Duma continued his journey down the Volga River to Astrakhan. Unfortunately, the visit of the famous French writer to Kazan didn’t find any reflection in his literary works. But Kazaners remembered funny tricks of the extravagant Frenchman for a long time. Методические рекомендации и разработки уроков Приложение I. A quiz Zest for the East and the West Teacher: There are a few categories. Divide into 2 teams. The first team will request an item to answer, saying ‘I’d like category, eg. FAMOUS people for 200 points, please.’ I’ll read the requested question for that level. The team will discuss and answer the question in a minute. If a team answers correctly, it will get the points. If the answer is wrong, the second team will choose whether to answer the same question or take another one. CATEGORIES: I. History 1. TSARS, KINGS, EMPERORS 2. FAMOUS people 3. PARKS, Squares HISTORY 1). TSARS, KINGS, EMPERORS What monarchs visited Kazan? – 200 points The Emperor Peter the Great in 1722. St.Peter-and-Paul’s Cathedral was built to commemorate this visit of the Russian Emperor to Kazan. The cathedral was constructed with a generous donation from the merchant Mikhlyaev. The Empress Catherine in 1766. The Muslims applied to her for the permission to build a mosque and the Empress agreed to it. That was the Mardzhani Mosque. It was erected for many contributions. The Emperor Nicholas the First in 1836. He commanded a parade that was held on Arskoe Field, he also visited Kazan Emperor University and the prison. 2). FAMOUS PEOPLE Who rebuilt the Kazan Kremlin in the 16-th century? – 300 points Russian stonemasons under the direction of architects Ivan Shiriay and Postnik Yakovlev rebuilt the Kremlin in the Pskov style, adding a few new towers, including the Spasskaya Tower. 3). PARKS, SQUARES Why was the present-day Park of Culture and Rest, named after A.M.Gorky, called Russian Switzerland before the revolution? – 200 points The park is located in the Upper Town and goes down along the steep bank of the river Kazanka. Numerous ravines overgrown with bushes made the scenery picturesque. Kazan schoolboys caught a Switzerland landscape. The nickname stuck to the Park. II. A Letter Game Teacher: Make up 2 chains of words, beginning with K, L. The person, who makes the longest chains, wins.
III. A Role play Teacher: London and Kazan. These cities have the rich centuries old history. What makes these cities unique? Their people, of course. When we do the sights of any of these cities, we meet a lot of people: taxi-drivers, doormen, traffic wardens, policemen, guides, tourists, newspaper sellers, etc. You are likely to hear the following expressions in particular places. Can you match the list of places to the list of expressions and to the list of people? CARD I
ANSWERS:
Notes:
Here is a list of people. Imagine what they would say to you. Your group mates will match these words to the list. CARD II
IV. Workshop GROUP WORK Teacher: Make groups of two or three students to do the task given on the cards. Use the conversational formulas each card is provided with. CARD I You are discussing your vacation with two friends. You rather like the idea of going to Europe. You think that it is always interesting for tourists to visit London. Your friends seem not to like your choice. You can’t keep from thinking why they are against the trip to London. London is one of the biggest and most interesting cities in the world. It has witnessed many important events in the life of English people. You are sure that your friend talks nonsense about London weather. Though the climate in Britain is not so warm as in Turkey, it doesn’t mean that it rains all the time. Notes: You rather like – вы отдаете предпочтение Your friends seem not to like your choice. – Кажется, Вашим друзьям не нравится Ваш выбор. It has witnessed – Он (Лондон) был свидетелем CARD II You are taking part in the discussion what city to go to. You like to have a glimpse of Ankara. You can do the museums, historical buildings, mosques, walk down old winding streets and modern wide boulevards. You have applied to a travel agency and have known that a tour to Ankara is the cheapest one. You can’t afford going to London. You are in low water. But your friends blame you for being stingy. Notes: to have a glimpse of smth – осмотреть winding – петляющий, -ая, -ий (to be) in low water – разг. быть на мели (to) blame smb for smth – обвинять кого-либо за что-либо stingy – жадный CARD III You are planning your vacation with your friends. You think that the best city to go to is Beijing. The Gate of Heavenly Peace, The Temples of Heaven, The Earth, The Sun, The Moon … All these names sound exotic. You don’t like the idea of visiting London. You know that it always rains there. You can’t stand damp weather. You are afraid of catching cold. You think that money is no object, and you would pay all the costs. Beijing is worth it. Notes: can’t stand – разг. терпеть не могу (-ешь, -ем, -ете, -ут) catching cold – простудиться you would pay all the costs – Вы готовы заплатить любые деньги is worth it – стоит этого (всех денег)
Notes: What next? – Что еще тебе в голову взбредёт? Get to the point. – Ближе к делу. I am all ears. – Я весь внимание. Just fancy! – Только представь (вообрази)! Come on! – Перестань! I am not keen on smth – Я не охотник до ... And that’s flat! – Это решено! It goes without saying. – Само собой разумеется. You can’t please everyone. – На всех не угодишь. No ifs and buts. – Никаких возражений. It’s up to you. – Тебе решать. V. Dialogues Teacher: Act out the following dialogues: Dialogue I A Talk in the Street in Kazan A: Excuse me, could you tell me the name of this street? B: Yes, it is Tukay Street. A: Tukay? B: Yes, Gabdulla Tukay. He was the Tatar poet, who wrote the well-known poem Shurale. A: Oh, did he? You see, I’m a stranger here. I’ve hoped that this is the street I’m looking for. B: What is its name? A: Kayum Nasyri Street. B: Do you know who he was? A: I’m afraid, no. Another Tatar poet? B: No, he was a teacher, philologist, and writer. He was nicknamed the Tatar Lomonosov for his encyclopedic knowledge. A: Terrific! B: Are you looking for a particular street number? A: Yes, number 17, Kayum Nasyri Street. B: Let me see … oh, yes. Why didn’t I guess earlier? You are looking for the Mardzhani Mosque, am I right? A: You’ve hit the button. I’d like to see one of the oldest mosques in your city, built by architect V.Kaftyrev as it is written in my guide-book. When in 1766 the Empress Catherine was in Kazan, the Muslims applied to her for permission to build a mosque and she agreed to it. B: Yes, this mosque is really worth seeing. It takes its name from the great Tatar religious reformer and historian Shigabetdin Mardzhani, who served as imam there, and … sorry, I’m taking your head off. All this is written in your guide-book. Let me show you the way to the mosque. A: Oh, thank you. It was pleasant to talk to you. B: The pleasure was mine. Go this direction and then turn left. A five minutes’ walk will bring you to the crossing. The Mardzhani Mosque will be right there. You can’t miss the white quadrangular building with the tall minaret. A: Of course, not. Thanks a lot. Bye. B: Bye. Dialogue II A talk over the telephone in London N: Hello, Ann. This is Nick speaking. A: Nick, where are you? I have been waiting for you for half an hour. N: I don’t know where I am. A: What? N: I mean, I’ve lost my way and don’t know what street I am in. A: Good heavens! How could you have lost your way in broad daylight? All you needed was to take a train at Marble Arch stop, then change at Oxford Circus and get off at Trafalgar Square. N: It’s easier said than done. The London Tube is quite a maze. When I got off the tube, I found myself at a square. I was sure that it was Trafalgar Square, the place where we had arranged to meet. I looked round in search of the Nelson Column. To my surprise, I didn’t see it anywhere. A: You might have had a funny look then. N: Your sarcasm is out of place. A: Sorry. What did you see instead? N: A fountain with a statue on a high pedestal. A: What statue? N: I was so upset that I didn’t bother to read the inscription. A: What happened then? N: I wandered around the square. At its four corners there were the marble busts of some men. The first three were unknown to me, the forth was Isaac Newton’s bust. A: It seems that I know what square you were at. N: Really? A: Was there another monument? N: Oh, yes, it confused me most of all. It was the monument to Charlie Chaplin. A: There is nothing strange that Englishmen decided to honor his memory. Chaplin was the great American actor. I always laugh at his jokes. N: I was in no laughing mood then. I looked at my watch. I was 15 minutes late. So I rushed about the streets and completely lost my way. Fortunately, I saw a telephone box, got in and dialed your number. I need your help. A: I see … Are there any shops around you? N: Yes. A: What kind of shops? N: Bookseller’s. The one that’s opposite me is “Foils”. A: Hurrah, you are at Charing Cross Road. It is a Mecca for book-lovers. Don’t move. I’ll be in 10 minutes. OK? N: OK, thanks. VI. An outline for the class activity (Фрагмент №1 урока английского языка, построенный на методике проектной работы.) Teacher: Good day, everybody! The theme of today’s lesson is Capitals and Their People. Who are they, the people living in capitals? What do they think about their home towns? Imagine that you have interviewed some residents of Kazan and London. They were supposed to answer 3 questions: 1) It’s impossible to imagine a pizza without cheese, a rose without a smell, Vatican without the Pope. Your city can’t be pictured without … 2) If you were the mayor of your city, what would you do to improve the people’s life? 3) How does the life in the capital differ from the life in any other city? (The students read the interviews one by one.) Teacher: They say ‘So many men, so many minds’. We are different, and our views on life are different. What makes us be unlike? To answer this question one should get acquainted with the history of the countries and their capitals. Let’s have a glimpse of London. London is one of the oldest cities in the world. It was founded by the Roman solders in 46 A.D. (The students make their presentations about London.) Teacher: We traveled a lot. Now we are back in Kazan. We celebrated its one thousandth anniversary in 2005. (The students make their presentations about Kazan.) People around the world differ greatly since they come from diverse civilized, historical, cultural, and geographical backgrounds. Despite remarkable developments in the technology of communication, different ideals, varying aspirations, individual preferences have posed serious challenges for a man to know and understand his fellow-kind. We certainly live in the world, wherein, in order to create an environment of understanding and peace, we have to be aware of mutual preferences, differences, and seeds of friendship and affinity instead of dissension and conflict. VI. An outline for the class activity (Фрагмент №2 урока английского языка, построенный на материале данного учебно-методического пособия.) Introduction. Warm up. Teacher: ‘If you are tired of London you are tired of life.’ One can paraphrase this utterance and say, ‘If you are tired of Kazan you are tired of life.’ You can easily get sure of it. Kazan is new and old, unknown and quite familiar to you. Kazan is our home city. A glimpse into the history. Comprehension reading. The text “The Bulgar state.” I. Read: Key words effect [ııfekt], envoy [ıenvoı], embassy [ıembəsı], religion [rıılıdЗən], hierarchy [ıhaıərα:kı], tribal [ıtraıbəl], indulge [ınıdΛldЗ], vassalage [væsəlıdЗ], khan [kα:n], sign [saın], treaty [ıtrı:tı], privilege [ıprıvılıdЗ], merchant [ımə:t∫ənt] II. Read the text The Bulgar State and answer the following questions: 1) What effect did the adoption of Islam in the Bulgar State produce? 2) Who was the envoy of Almush to Baghdad? 3) What was the purpose of Ibn-Fadlan’s visit to the Bulgar State? The Bulgar State Almus (Almas)1, the son of the Bulgar prince Shilki, became the yltyvar (ruler) of the Bulgar State, and his decision to adopt Islam had a catalytic effect2 on the process of consolidation and centralization in his lands. In the spring of 921, Abdallah ibn-Bashtu arrived in Bagdad as the envoy3 of Almush, the ruler of the peoples of the north, to caliph Jafar al-Muktadir4. He carried three letters conveying Almush’s desire to be instructed in the religion of Islam, for which he was requesting assistance. It was in response to this request that, in the same year, al-Muktadir sent Ibn-Fadlan’s embassy to the land of the Bulgars. The result was that, in 922, the people of the Bulgar state joined the Islamic imam (community of believers). To be accurate, however, it should be noted that this was the year Islam became the official religion of the Bulgar state, and that even before Ibn-Fadlan’s5 arrival, Islam had become the religion of the people who lived along the shores of the Volga and Kama. Almush stood at the head of a social hierarchy6 comprised of clearly distinguishable groups: tribal heads and lesser princes7 were subordinated directly to him: these, in turn, controlled the craftsmen and the semi-free peasantry8. The yltyvar of the Bulgars seems to have put a great value on ceremony and symbolism to underline his position, and he also seems to have indulged in some of the trapping of power9 even before even before the victory of the Russian prince Sviatoslav10 over the Khazars in 965 ended the Bulgar’s vassalage to the Khazar Khan. One of the true measures of the emancipation of the Bulgar State from Khazar vassalage was the ability of its rulers to establish diplomatic ties and conclude treaties with their neighbours, as well as with the rulers of more distant lands. In 984, for instance, the Bulgars signed their first treaty with Kiev. When that treaty was renewed in 1006, it included trade privileges for the Bulgar and Russian merchants11. Notes: 1 Almus (Almas) – Алмуш (Алмас), предводитель болгар, правивший в 901-922 г.г. 2 had a catalytic effect – способствовало ускорению 3 as the envoy – в качестве посла 4 caliph Jafar al-Muktadir – халиф Багдада Джафар ал-Муктадир 5 Ibn-Fadlan – Ибн Фадлан (Единственный проповедник мусульманства, побывавший в Х в. в Волжской Булгарии. Именно при нем там был принят ислам как официальная религия.) 6 hierarchy – иерархия 7 lesser princes – подчиненные князья 8 semi-free peasantry – полусвободное крестьянство 9 seems to have indulged in some of the trapping of power – увлекался внешними атрибутами власти 10 Sviatoslav – князь Святослав 11 merchants – купцы III. Read the text The Bulgar State more carefully. Prove the statements: 1. Almush, the son of the Bulgar prince Shilki, wanted to adopt Islam. 2. Almush was a powerful leader and did much to strengthen his position. 3. The establishment of ties between the Bulgar State and Russ was profitable for both lands. Speaking. Free talk: If you met Almush, what would you like to ask him about? What would you tell him about the present day of Kazan? Check up. (The students make their presentations about Kazan.) The poem about Kazan. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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