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| Part 1) carefully. Are these statements true or false? 1. There are two major groups in the Turkic nationalities living in Russia. 2. Volga Tatars never identified themselves as Muslims. 3. There are a lot of theses on the origin of the ethnonym Tatar. 4. The Mongols and the Mongol Tatars underwent a process of assimilation by the Turkic peoples among whom they lived. III. Read the text The Origins of the Volga Tatars (Part 1) and solve the crossword. Across 1. How did the Volga Tatars prefer to identify themselves in the 2nd half of the XIX century? 2. Batu’s army was called the Golden … 3. The surname of one of the enlightened Tatar thinkers. 4. The way of life led by the Turkic khanate in the VI-VII centuries AD. Down 1. The second major group of the Volga Tatars. 2. The name of the famous Mongol khan, the grandfather of Batu. 3. The Mongolian name for the word council. 4. To сapture (synonym).  The Origins of the Volga Tatars (Part 1) The Volga Tatars are the westernmost of all Turkic nationalities living in Russia1. Among them, there are two major groups – the Kazan Tatars and the Mishars; although each is characterized by linguistic and ethnogenetic particularities2, their differences have not hindered3 the emergence4 and development of a common language and culture. The Ethnonym5 Tatar As late as the second half of the XIX century, Volga Tatars preferred to identify themselves, and to be identified by others, as Muslims. At the end of the XIX century, enlightened Tatar thinkers, such as Kayum Nasiri and Shihabeddin Marjani, played a major role in the rehabilitation6 of the ethnonym Tatar. S.Marjani urged7 the Kazanis not to be ashamed to call themselves Tatars. He noted that “Some have regarded being a Tatar a shortcoming, hated it, and insisted ‘We are not Tatars, we are Muslims’ … If you are not Tatar, Arab, Tajil, Nogay, Chinese, Russian, French … then who are you?” challenged8 S.Marjani. What is the origin of the ethnonym Tatar? Two theses stand out: the Mongol and the Turkic. Proponents of the first accept the etymology of Tatar as deriving from the Chinese Ta-Tan or Da-Dan9 (a term of contempt applied to the Mongols by the Chinese) and believe that it refers to one group of Mongol tribes subdued by Ginghis Khan. The Mongol Tatars lived amidst Turkic tribes that had survived the demise10 of the seminomadic11 Turkic khanate of the VI and VII centuries A.D.12 After their conquest by Ginghis Khan at the beginning of the XIII century (1202-1208), the Mongol Tatars, as well as the Turkic tribes of the southern Siberian plains and Central Asia, were included in the army headed by Ginghis Khan’s grandson, Batu. In 1236, Batu, in the company of his sons Chagatai, Ogotai, and Tului, set out to conquer the eastern European lands bequeathed to him13 at the 1235 kurultai (council). Conquering the lands beyond the Ural mountains and the Aral and Caspian seas, the Mongols came into contract with the Turkic Kypachaks, who had reached the zenith of their political power in the XI and XII centuries A.D. as rulers of Dasht-i Kypchak, the huge territory between the Irtysh and Danube rivers. The Mongols and the Mongol Tatars, who were minorities in Batu Khan’s army and even smaller minorities among the peoples of the Golden Horde that had emerged after Batu’s conquest of the lands beyond the Urals, underwent a process of assimilation by the Turkic peoples14 among whom they settled. This assimilation was both biological and cultural. The Turkic thesis, which is not as widely accepted as the Mongol thesis, was advanced by scholars who rely heavily on the Diwan-i Lugat-it-Turk, a dictionary of the Turkic languages complied by Mahmud al-Kashari during the period 1072 to 1074. In this book, Mahmud al-Kashgari mentions that west of the Irtysh river there existed a Tatar branch of the Turkic languages15. Ahmet Temir interprets this information as a testimony to the existence of a Turkic people called Tatars long before the Mongol conquest bestowed the name on the peoples of the Golden Horde16. Broadening his interpretation of the information provided by the dictionary, Ahmet Temir also suggests that the name could apply independently and equally to two different peoples: the Mongol tribe of Tatars and a Turkic tribe that inhabited a territory west of the Ural mountains. Notes: 1 The Volga Tatars are the westernmost of all Turkic nationalities living in Russia – Волжские татары территориально находятся западнее всех остальных тюркских народов, проживающих в России. 2 by linguistic and ethnogenetic particularities – лингвистическими и этногенетическими особенностями 3 have not hindered – не препятствовали 4 emergence – появление 5 ethnonym – этноним (название различных видов этнических общностей) 6 rehabilitation – зд. возрождение 7 urged – убеждал, призывал 8 challenged – задавал вопрос 9 Proponents of the first accept the etymology of Tatar as deriving from the Chinese Ta-Tan or Da-Dan – Сторонники первой гипотезы считают, что происхождение этнонима Tatar восходит к китайскому слову Ta-Tan или Da-Dan 10 had survived the demise – уцелели после распада 11 seminomadic – полукочевой 12 A.D. (лат.) – нашей эры 13 set out to conquer the eastern European lands bequeathed to him – отправился завоевывать восточные европейские земли, завещанные ему в наследство 14 underwent a process of assimilation by the Turkic peoples – подверглись процессу слияния с тюркскими народами 15 west of the Irtysh river there existed a Tatar branch of the Turkic languages – к западу от реки Иртыш существовала татарская ветвь тюркских языков 16 long before the Mongol conquest bestowed the name on the peoples of the Golden Horde – за долго до того, как монгольское завоевание распространило это название на народы Золотой Орды Before you start I. Read: Key words début [ıdeıbu:], interference [ֽıntəıfıərəns], affairs [əıfεəz], forge [fo:dЗ], dynastic [dıınæstık], khanate [ıka:neıt], appanage [ıæpənıdЗ], compliance [kəmıplaıəns], requires [rııkwaıəz], legitimacy [lııdЗıtıməsı], candidacy [ıkændıdəsı], successful [səkısesful], ensued [ıınsju:d], throughout [θru:ıaut], Crimea [kraıımıə], Muscovite [ımΛskəuvaıt], disputing [dısıpju:tıη], succession [səkıse∫ən], commercial [kəımə:∫əl], vulnerable [ıvΛlnərəbl], climate [ıklaımıt], decades [ıdekeıdz], collapse [kəılæps], alliance [əılaıəns], allies [ıælaız], succeeded [səkısı:dıd], rivalry [ıraıvəlrı], tsar [za:], hostile [ıhostaıl], culminate [ıkΛlmıneıt], militant [ımılıtənt], orthodox [ıo:θədoks], ideology [ֽaıdııolədЗı], annexationist [ֽænekıseı∫ənıst], policies [ıpolısız], autocratic [ֽotəuıkrætık] II. Read the text The Origins of the Volga Tatars (Part 2) and answer the following questions: 1. How did Russian interference in the life of the Kazan khanate begin? 2. Who were Ibrahim, Kasim, and Muhammed Emin? 3. Why was Muscovy eager to bring Kazan under the absolute control? 4. When and by whom was Kazan conquered? What were the reasons for that? III. Link the words below to get word combinations:
IV. Write the historic events which happened in the years given below:
The Origins of the Volga Tatars (Part 2) The full début of Russian interference in Kazani domestic affairs1 took place in 1467, when Ivan III, the first grand prince to forge an active policy with regard to Kazan2, chose to take an active part in the dynastic struggle of the khanate. Upon Mahmud’s death in 1467, the throne of Kazan was contested by3 his son Ibrahim and his brother Kasim, who had been in Muscovite service since 1445 and had served the grand prince loyally as appanage prince of Meshchera4. When Mahmud’s widow travelled to Moscow to marry Kasim, she may have done so in compliance with Islamic tradition5, which requires a man to marry the widow of his brother; in doing so, however, she may also have provided an added measure of legitimacy to Kasim’s claims to the throne of Kazan and at the same time increased the hopes of the Kazani faction that supported Kasim’s candidacy. Ivan III backed Kasim in his bid for the throne of Kazan6, but despite Muscovite blessing and military support, Kasim was not successful in ousting7 Ibrahim. Ibrahim’s death in 1479 and the dynastic conflict that ensued8 were skillfully exploited by Ivan III, who successfully backed the candidacy of another Tatar prince, Muhamed Emin, and as a result9, was able to interfere freely in the domestic affairs of the khanate throughout Muhammed Emin’s first rule (1484-1485). Muhammed Emin’s death in 1518 brought about the extinction of Ulu Muhammed’s line and prompted Crimea to join Muscovy in openly disputing the issue of Kazani succession10. Muscovy benefited greatly from its trade11 with Kazan. As the volume of trade between the two partners expanded, Muscovy’s dependence on it grew as well, rendering its commercial interests increasingly vulnerable to changes in the political climate12 between the two politics. For more than two decades after the collapse of the Muscovite-Crimean alliance, the Kazan khanate became the theater in which the former allies tested each other’s influence over Kazani politics and sought to confine13 that khanate to an exclusive partnership with one or the other. The pro-Muscovite and pro-Crimean khans who occupied the throne of Kazan after 1518 succeeded each other14 in a pattern that both reflects this rivalry and suggests an increased eagerness on the part of15 Muscovy to bring Kazan under its absolute control. Ivan IV’s coronation as tsar in 1547 marked the beginning of an overtly hostile policy16 toward Kazan that would culminate in its conquest on October 2 (15), 1552. This shift to unredeeming hostility toward Kazan was largely determined17 by the role militant orthodox ideology played in encouraging the expansionist and annexationist policies of the autocratic Muscovite state. Notes: 1 domestic affairs – внутренние дела 2 the first grand prince to forge an active policy with regard to Kazan – первый великий князь, который вел активную политику по отношению к Казани 3 was contested by – был завоеван 4 as appanage prince of Meshchera – удельный князь Мещеры 5 in compliance with Islamic tradition – в соответствии с исламской традицией 6 backed Kasim in his bid for the throne of Kazan – поддержал Касима в его посягательствах на казанский трон 7 was not successful in ousting – ему не удалось изгнать (Ибрагима) 8 the dynastic conflict that ensued – династический кризис, который последовал 9 and as a result – в результате 10 prompted Crimea to join Muscovy in openly disputing the issue of Kazani succession – подтолкнула Крым наравне с Московией открыто оспаривать право наследования казанского престола 11 benefited greatly from its trade – получали большую выгоду от торговли 12 rendering its commercial interests increasingly vulnerable to changes in the political climate – делая их интересы всё более уязвимыми к изменениям в политическом климате 13 sought to confine – пытались склонить 14 succeeded each other in a pattern – сменяли друг друга (на престоле) 15 on the part of – со стороны 16 an overtly hostile policy – открыто враждебная политика 17 This shift to unredeeming hostility toward Kazan was largely determined – Этот переход к нескончаемой враждебности по отношению к Казани был в большей степени определён Before you start I. Read: Key words precise [prıısaıs], boundaries [ıbaundərız], khanate [ıka:neıt], area [ıeərıə], confluence [ıkonfluəns], transcended [trænısendıd], multinational [ֽmΛltıınæ∫ənəl], ancestors [ıænsəstəz], binding [ıbaındıη], conglomerate [kənıglomərət], sovereignty [ısovrəntı], generic [dЗəınerık], aristocracy [ֽærııstokrəsı], hereditary [həıredətərı], wielded [ıwı:ldıd], Crimean [kraıımıən], testifies [ıtestıfaız], exerted [ıgızə:tıd], prestigious [preıstıdЗəs], cavalry [ıkævəlrı], envoy [ıenvoı], endowed [ınıdaud], merchants [ımə:t∫ənts], artisans [ֽa:tıızæn], urban [ıə:bən], peasants [ıpezənts], society [səısaıətı], references [ırefərənsıs], warehouse [ıwεəhaus], accurate [ıækjurət], heritage [ıherıtıdЗ], administrative [ədımınıstrətıv] II Read the text and give the title which in your opinion best suits it. III. Make the plan to the text and retell it. IV. Translate into English: 1. Трудно определить точные границы Казанского ханства. 2. Казанское ханство, как и Республика Татарстан, было многонациональным государством. 3. Население казанского ханства делилось на классы, самым низшим был класс рабов. The Origins of the Volga Tatars (Part 3) Although it is difficult to define the precise boundaries1 of the Kazan khanate of the XVI century, its core area2 can be identified as the territory located in the Middle Volga basin3 around the confluence of the Volga and Kama rivers, an area that roughly corresponds to4 the territory of the present Republic of Tatarstan, and to the north-central lands of the Bulgar state. Kazan’s economic and political influence transcended the borders5 of the khanate, however, and extended over an area flanked by Sura to the West and upper Kama and Belaya to the east. The khanate was a multinational state: within its boundaries6 lived not only Tatars but also Bashkirs, Cheremises, Chuvashes, and Votiaks (the ancestors of today’s Udmurts). The binding element in the conglomerate that composed the Kazan Khanate was provided by the office of the khan, in which alone, the sovereignty of the state was vested7. The most important institution was that of the Karachi (the overseers), which was a generic royal council comprised of four members of the aristocracy led by the ulu karachi (the great, main overseers). The hereditary nature of the office of karachi is a measure of the power wielded by8 the Kazani aristocracy. Many of the karachi belonged to Crimean princely families, such as Shirin, Baryn, Argyn, and Kypchak, which testifies to9 the considerable influence the Crimean khanate exerted over10 Kazani policies. The most prestigious members of the military establishment were the ulans, who were probably commanders of cavalry units who at times11 performed diplomatic as well as military services. Afash-ulan led the Kazani army that marched against Astrakhan in 1491, and Allaberdei ulan was Kazan’s envoy to Moscow in 1546. The ulans were endowed with land holdings12 in return for their services. Merchants and artisans comprised the bulk of the free urban population of the khanate, and the Tatar, Bashkir, and various Fino-Ugric peasants were their free counterpart13 in the villages. At the very bottom of Kazani society stood the serfs and the slaves. Because they represented one of the main trade commodities of Kazan, the number of the slaves was impressive. In view of this reality, references to Kazan as a warehouse for slaves14 should be viewed not as metaphors but as reasonably accurate statements of fact15. The Kazan khanate was true to the Mongol-Turkic heritage in the manner in which it approached its most important administrative function: collection of taxes and duties16. Notes: 1 to define the precise boundaries – определить точные границы 2 core area – основная площадь 3 the Middle Volga basin – бассейн средней Волги 4 an area that roughly corresponds to – территория, приблизительно равная (современному Татарстану) 5 influence transcended the borders – влияние вышло (далеко) за пределы границ 6 within its boundaries – в пределах его границ 7 the sovereignty of the state was vested – принадлежала верховная власть в государстве 8 a measure of the power wielded by – та степень влияния, которым обладала (казанская аристократия) 9 which testifies to – что свидетельствует (о) 10 exerted over – оказывало (на) 11 at times – временами 12 were endowed with land holdings – были наделены земельными владениями 13 free counterpart – (составляли) вторую половину свободного населения 14 ware house for slaves – рынок рабов 15 as reasonably accurate statement of fact – как достоверный факт 16 taxes and duties – налоги и пошлины Before you start I. Read: Key words sedentary [ısedəntərı], agricultural [ıægrıֽkΛlt∫ərəl], khanate [ıka:neıt], reinforced [ֽrı:ınıfo:st], linguistic [lıηıgwıstık], folk [fəuk], plow [plau], legacy [ılegəsı], testimony [ıtestımənı], ancestors [ıænsəstəz], features [ıfı:t∫əz], agriculture [ıægrıֽkΛlt∫ə], components [kəmıpounənts], combined [kəmıbaınd], supplement [ısΛpləmənt], livelihood [ılaıvlıhud], peasants [ıpezənts], furs [ıf ə:z], leatherwork [ıle∂əwə:k], jewelry [ıdЗu:əlrı], wealthy [ıwelθı], prosperous [ıprospərəs], flourishing [ıflΛrı∫ıη], support [səıpo:t], khans [ıka:nz], pious [ıpaıəs], ethnogenesis [ֽeθnəuıdЗenısıs], insight [ıınsaıt], values [ıvælju:z], society [səısaıətı], venerable [ıvenərəbəl], aspired [əıspaıəd], scene [sı:n], anonymous [əınonıməs] II Read the text and answer the following questions: 1. What were the branches that comprised the Kazan khanate economy? 2. What made the cultural life of the khanate flourish? III Find the words that can be referred to one of the groups below:  Early History The existence of a sedentary agricultural economy1 with roots in the Bulgar past of the khanate is not indicated by the structure of the tax system alone; it is reinforced2 by linguistic evidence and by the folk traditions of the Tatars. Sabantui, the Tatar festival of the plow, is perhaps the most enduring cultural legacy3 of the pre-Islamic traditions of the Bulgars and stands today as a living testimony4 to the sedentary agricultural life of the ancestors of the Kazan Tatar. The economic structure of the Kazan khanate retained the principal features5 of the Bulgar state; agriculture, crafts, and trade were its chief components. On nobles’ lands, the three-field technique was widespread and was combined with gardening and cattle breeding. Hunting provided a major supplement for the livelihood of the peasants6; furs were one of the principal items of trade7. In the crafts, the Bulgar traditions continued: leatherwork, shoemaking, jewelry and pottery remained important. Kazan grew into a wealthy, prosperous state on the basis8 of trade and trade taxes and enjoyed a flourishing cultural life9. Education and literature developed in the spirit of Islamic religion. Mektebs and medreses – elementary and secondary Muslim schools, respectively – enjoyed the support of the khans and pious foundations. The period of the Kazan khanate is also the time in Tatar history when the ethnogenesis10 of the Kazan Tatars entered its final stages and when their language took shape as a distinct branch11 of the Turkic languages. Muhammediar Mahmut-ogly is the best known of the poets of the khanate period. His poems, Tuhfai-Mardan (1539) and Nur-i Sudur (1542), provide insight into12 the values of Kazani society in the sixteenth century, while also revealing the richness13 of the literary life of the khanate. There were so many poets in Kazan that ‘there was no room left; child and venerable old man alike aspired to be poets’14. Most of these poets who apparently crowded the Kazani literary scene have remained anonymous. Some names – such as those of Garifbek, Emmikamal, and Muhammed Sheref, the author of Zafername-i vilayet-i Kazan (1550) – have been preserved. Notes: 1 sedentary agricultural economy – оседлая аграрная экономика 2 it is reinforced – 3 enduring cultural legacy – несущий культурное наследие 4 living testimony – живое доказательство 5 retained the principal features – сохранила главные черты 6 Hunting provided a major supplement for the livelihood of the peasants – 7 one of the principal items of trade – один из главных пунктов 8 on the basis of – на основе 9 enjoyed a flourishing cultural life – 10 ethnogenesis – 11 took shape as a distinct branch – отдельная ветвь 12 provide insight into – 13 while also revealing the richness – 14 there was no room left; child and venerable old man alike aspired to be poets – зд. стихоплетов – хоть пруд пруди: все, от мала до велика, стремились стать поэтами Before you start I. Read: Key words architectural [ֽa:kııtekt∫ərəl], medieval [ֽmedııı:vəl], preserved [prıızə:vd], site [saıt], distinguished [dııstıηgwı∫t], oriental [ֽo:rııentl], style [staıl], two-storey [ֽtu:ısto:rı], feudal [ıfju:dl], nobility [nouıbılıtı], khan's [ıka:nz], palace [ıpælıs], law [lo:], court [ko:t], public [ıpΛblık], baths [ba:θs], mausoleums [ֽmo:səılı:əmz], mosques [mosks], elegant [ıelıgənt], minarets [ֽmınəırets], [ımınərets], vaulted [ıvo:ltıd], arcaded [a:ıkeıdıd], mouldings [ımouldıηz], frescoes [ıfreskouz], coloured [ıkΛləd], mosaics [mouızeııks], ceramics [sııræmıks], tracery [ıtreısərı], marble [ıma:bəl], conquerors [ıkoηkərəz], memoirs [ımemwa:z], edifice [ıedıfıs], Annunciation [əֽnΛnsııeı∫ən], cathedral [kəıθı:drəl], erected [ıırektıd], enchanted [ınıt∫a:ntıd], bewitched [bııwıt∫t], indestructible [ֽındııstrΛktıbəl], spirit [ıspırıt], heritage [ıherıtıdЗ], ancient [ıeın∫ənt], civilization [ֽsıvəlaızıeı∫ən], religious [rıılıdЗəs], tolerance [ıtolərəns], merchants [ımə:t∫ənts], cemeteries [ısemıtrız], Islam [ıısla:m], [ıızla:m], Christianity [ֽkrıstııænıtı] |
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