Пособие по общественно-политической и официально-деловой лексике Москва
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10. Translate into Russian paying special attention to attributive groups. Model: The Chief delegate requested to see a background paper. Глава делегации попросил, чтобы ему дали доклад с кратким изложением истории вопроса. 1. I really enjoy our community centre programmes. 2. For over two years the countries were engaged in talking about details of their disarmament package deal. 3. Today many newspapers carry articles on birth control problems. 4. The President was at a loss as to how to stop the growth of welfare expenditures. 5. The ratification instrument was deposited with the Secretary General. 6. The election campaign strategy [48] chief delivered an interesting lecture at the Columbia University. 7. Town meetings display the senator at his best, they give him chance to sound his populist themes. 8. The senator tried to talk tough on the SALT treaty but the public did not share his line of thinking. 9. To strengthen confidence among States it is important to provide for confidence-building measures agreements. UNIT 2 DISARMAMENT: AN IMPERATIVE OF OUR TIME In modern era it is difficult to find an issue that would be more vital and more urgent for the nations of the world than disarmament. Since the very foundation of the young Soviet Republic the Soviet Government has been seeking to halt the arms race and to reduce and eventually eliminate armaments. The various and numerous constructive proposals put forward by the USSR at many international and diplomatic forums represent a focal point for efforts to achieve disarmament. In many, many cases the Soviet Government has acted and is acting as an initiator of constructive plans and ideas aimed at ending the arms race and promoting genuine disarmament. The Soviet Government is aware of the ruinous effect the arms race has on the economy and welfare of the nations of the world and especially on the economy of the developing countries. That is why it is so important now to conclude treaties for the regulation, limitation and balanced reduction of all armed forces and all armaments; for the elimination of all major weapons adaptable to mass destruction; and for the effective international control of atomic energy to ensure the prohibition of atomic weapons and to ensure that the atomic energy is used only for peaceful purposes. Disarmament is also a major item which is on the agenda of the United Nations. Mankind today is confronted with1 an unprecedented threat of self-extinction arising from the massive and competitive accumulation of the most destructive weapons ever produced. Existing arsenals of nuclear weapons2 alone are more than sufficient to destroy all life on earth. Failure of efforts to halt and reverse the arms race3, in particular the nuclear arms race, increases the danger of the proliferation [49] of nuclear weapons4. Yet the arms race continues. Military budgets are constantly growing, with enormous consumption of human and material resources. The increase in weapons, especially nuclear weapons, far from helping to strengthen international security, on the contrary weakens it. The vast stockpiles and tremendous build up of arms and armed forces and the competition for qualitative refinement of weapons of all kinds, to which scientific resources and technological advances are diverted, pose incalculable threats to peace. All progressive-minded people of the world are aware of this difficult situation which aggravates world tensionss, sharpens conflicts in various regions of the world, hinders the process of detente, exacerbates the differences between opposing military alliances, jeopardizes the security of all States, and increases the threat of nuclear war. The arms race, particularly in its nuclear aspect, runs counter to the efforts to achieve further relaxation of international tension, to establish international relations based on peaceful coexistence and trust between all States, and to develop broad international co-operation and understanding. The arms race impedes the realization of these purposes, and is incompatible with the principles of the Charter of the United Nations, especially respect for sovereignty, refraining from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State, the peaceful settlement of disputes and non-intervention and non-interference in the internal affairs of States. It also adversely affects the right of peoples freely to determine their systems of social and economic development, and hinders the struggle for self-determination and the elimination of colonial rule, racial or foreign domination or occupation. Indeed, the massive accumulation of armaments and the acquisition of armaments technology by racist regimes, as well as their possible acquisition of nuclear weapons, present a challenging and increasingly dangerous obstacle to a world community faced with the urgent need to disarm. It is, therefore, essential for purposes of disarmament to prevent any further acquisition of arms or arms technology by such regimes, especially through strict adherence by all States to relevant decisions of the Security Council. Enduring international peace and security cannot be built on the accumulation of weaponry by military alliances nor be sustained by a precarious balance of deterrence or doctrines of strategic superiority. Genuine and lasting peace can only be created through the effective implementation of the secu- [50] rity system provided for in the Charter of the United Nations and the speedy and substantial reduction of arms and armed forces, by international agreement and mutual example, leading ultimately to general and complete disarmament under effective international control. At the same time, the causes of the arms race and threats to peace must be reduced and to this end effective action should be taken to eliminate tensions and settle disputes by peaceful means. (From newspapers) COMMENTARY 1. mankind today is confronted with... человечество стоит перед лицом... . Выражение to be confronted with имеет синоним to face smth.: Mankind today is confronted with... = Mankind today faces... 2. arsenals of nuclear weapons имеющееся ядерное оружие; запасы ядерного оружия; арсеналы ядерного оружия. Когда речь идет о накоплении оружия, то по-английски эту мысль можно выразить следующим образом: to create (new) arsenals of weapons; to step up weapons manufacture (production); to accumulate weapons; to stockpile weapons; to escalate arms production; to build-up arms. 3. to halt or reverse the arms race приостановить и повернуть вспять гонку вооружений. Идея приостановления гонки вооружений может быть выражена по-английски с помощью ряда словосочетаний: to halt the arms race; to stop the arms race; to freeze the arms race; to impose a moratorium on the arms race. Противоположная идея ликвидации отставания в области гонки вооружений обычно передается по-английски следующим образом: to bridge the gap in the arms race; to narrow the gap in the arms race (e. g. in missile race, etc.); to catch up with smb. in the arms race; to attain parity of arms (ср.: strategic parity равенство в стратегических вооружениях). 4. proliferation of nuclear weapons распространение ядерного оружия. В качестве синонимического выражения можно отметить spread of nuclear weapons. Обратите внимание на характерную традиционную словосоче-таемость существительного proliferation: proliferation of international organizations увеличение числа международных организаций; proliferation of small States рост числа малых стран; proliferation of parties рост числа партий; proliferation of sophisticated weapons появление новых [51] видов оружия; proliferation of radio frequencies усиление радиочастотности. 5. world tensions напряженность в мире. В политическом языке существует целый ряд словосочетаний со словом world в грамматическом значении прилагательного: World Congress of Peace Forces Всемирный конгресс миролюбивых сил; world developments события международной жизни; World Disarmament Conference Всемирная конференция по разоружению; world disarmament measures мероприятия по разоружению во всем мире; world peace международный мир; всеобщий мир; мир во всем мире; world peace and security международный мир и безопасность; World Peace Council Всемирный Совет Мира и т. п. TOPICAL VOCABULARY To aggravate world tensions усиливать напряженность в мире, обострять международную обстановку Disarmament affairs вопросы разоружения Disarmament debate прения по вопросам разоружения Disarmament measures меры по разоружению Disarmament negotiations переговоры по разоружению Disarmament programme программа разоружения Disarmament under control контролируемое разоружение; Syn. controlled disarmament Comprehensive negotiating programme on disarmament всеобъемлющая программа переговоров по разоружению focal point центр внимания; основной момент major weapons adaptable to mass destruction основные виды оружия, которые могут применяться для целей массового уничтожения precarious balance of deterrence шаткое равновесие сдерживания to reverse the arms race повернуть вспять гонку вооружений to run counter to идти вразрез с, противоречить (чему-л.) to strengthen international security укреплять международную безопасность world community международное сообщество; Syn. international community EXERCISES 1, Read the text and translate it sentence by sentence. 2. Read from left to right. Indicate which word or word group is nearest tn meaning to those italicized. Translate the italicized lexical units. Destructive – injurious – deleterious – ruinous Danger – thin ice – hazard – lack of security Incalculable – infinite – limitless – untold [52] Relaxation – easing of tension – ease – inactivity Incompatible – antagonistic – disagreeing – discordant Integrity – totality – wholeness – indivisibility To hinder – to retard – to block – to hammer Massive – mighty – gigantic – enormous Relevant – relating – applicable – related Enduring – lasting – dependable – unremitting 3. Find the paragraphs in the text which are the answers to the following questions. 1. What is the problem facing mankind today? 2. Is the proliferation of nuclear weapons dangerous? 3. What is meant by a qualitative refinement of weapons? 4. Why does the arms race undermine the efforts to achieve further relaxation of international tension? 5. What are the most effective ways to ensure a genuine and lasting peace? 6. How can threats to peace be reduced? 7. In what way do certain racist regimes try to acquire new armaments technology? 4. Translate into Russian paying special attention to the italicized lexical units. 1. A comprehensive international treaty is such an agreement which would include a greater rather than a lesser degree of disarmament; thus we can speak about a comprehensive test-ban treaty. 2. By collateral measures the experts in disarmament usually mean a stage in the whole disarmament process, or a treaty which would lessen international tensions and facilitate the goal of general and complete disarmament. 3. General and complete disarmament is a goal of reduced armed forces and armaments to insure that States will have at their disposal only small, non-nuclear armaments necessary to maintain internal order. 4. An international inspection is a widely known concept. It is usually carried out under the direction of multilateral agencies and according to agreement. 5. An on-site inspection usually carried out by official experts and representatives implies an examination of an area by outside inspectors to determine whether a violation of a treaty has occurred or is occurring at the suspected area. 6. The term moratorium is a widely known political concept. It means an informal undertaking by a State to refrain from a military action, e. g. refraining from testing nuclear weapons during the treaty negotiations. 7. Nuclear-free zones (NFZ) are geographical areas in which the production and deployment of [53] nuclear weapons are prohibited by agreement. 8. A nuclear umbrella is an unofficial newspaper term which implies limited nuclear forces. What is meant here are those nuclear weapons which would be retained by some countries, if so agreed. The term nuclear umbrella may also mean a minimum deterrent while general and complete disarmament is in process. 9. A partial tent-ban treaty implies prohibition of tests only in some mediums. 10. The term arms control is rather difficult to translate because it may have a number of meanings. 11. An arms race is a reciprocal build-up in the quality or quantity of the military power of States. 12. The so-called atomic club includes those States which possess nuclear weapons. 5. Select the right English word or word group from the list given below corresponding to the following definitions. Give their Russian equivalents. Model: military position taken on enemy side of a river — bridge-head плацдарм science on the fly of rockets; attack that is swift and sudden, usually in war; sudden success that removes an obstacle to progress; the course of pursuing a dangerous policy to the brink of war; gradual accumulation of weapons; king or queen who is the supreme ruler of a country brinkmanship; ballistics; breakthrough; sovereign; blitzkrieg; build-up 6. Translate into Russian paying special attention to the italicized lexical units. 1. It is high time that the hypocritical efforts of the aggressor State were denounced and unmasked. 2. At the present stage African peoples are waging decisive battles which are the culmination of their century-old struggle against colonialism and racism. 3. The object of attacks was to face the world with a fait accompli. 4. The USSR constantly upholds the principles enshrined in the UN Charter and champions the cause of freedom and independence. 5. In conclusion, my delegation would like to voice its support for any measure that may be taken by the Security Council la curb the excesses of this reactionary regime. 6. This policy takes the world back to the law of the jungle, in which might prevails over right. 7. While it is clear that this delegation regards terrorist activities as totally reprehensible, it is also clear that we have the same attitude towards acts of reprisal. 8. I think that the same pattern has been set in Sahara where the troops tried to police that part of Africa. [54] |
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