Пособие по общественно-политической и официально-деловой лексике Москва
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7. Give Russian equivalents for: peace-loving nations; to seek to halt the arms race; to reduce armaments; the UN as a permanent forum for a disarmament debate; Soviet initiatives in the area of disarmament; questions of regulation, limitation and balanced reduction of armed forces and armaments; effective international control of atomic energy; precarious balance of deterrence; a treaty banning nuclear weapon tests; exploration and use of outer space; sophisticated types of weapons; weapons of mass destruction; peace rally; protest march; struggle against the deployment of missiles in Europe; the armaments should be curtailed; pressing disarmament problems; further arms drive must be halted; to elaborate a convention; the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons; behind the scenes; to be in the same boat with; beyond a shadow of doubt; to bless one's lucky star; to explore every avenue; far-reaching effects; to encourage disarmament efforts; package on disar-ma ment 8. Select the right words from the brackets. Translate the sentences 1. How you cracked that matter (astonishes, confuses, beats) me. 2. Some students, longhairs and hippie types frequented that bar for a (convention, assembly, be-in). 3. Pirating the book (infringed, violated, interfered with) the author's copyright. 4. A legal secretary must (understand, grasp, master) the (jargon, parlance, argot) of law. 5. I want my children to be brought up in a (pacifistic, non-belligerent, peaceful) world. 6. Minutes of (transactions, proceedings, proceeds) were written down by the club secretary. 7. It is easy to work in this field for a man who (knows the ropes, is unfamiliar with the business, is a poor judge of the business). 8. The two nations are now (bargaining, worrying, haggling) about a handful of largely symbolic issues after agreeing on basic matters such as troop withdrawal schedules and boundary lines. 9. But neither of them believes that he can yield on subjects that could be seized upon by political opponents as evidence of a (treason, sellout, betrayal of the cause). 10. The head of the delegation likes to describe his style of diplomacy as a (step-by-step, one-stage-at-a-time, brick-by-brick, slog-it-out) method in which progress is made almost imperceptibly. 11. The new Prime Minister means that he intends to make sure the press does not again engage in such (gossip-mongering, idle talking, chattering). 12. His Congressional supporters call the Governor a ("bully", hired ruffian, sweetheart) who wants Federal officials to (infringe, [55] transgress, break) the law so that a dubious project can proceed. 9. Translate the terms with the aid of the following definitions. Model: lie-down lie-in; lying down in a public place in order to disrupt traffic, etc. – блокирование подхода (к правительственным зданиям) (путем лежания на земле перед выходом и т. д.) 1. Teach-in: critical discussion of a public issue (e. g. by students and guests). 2. Limousine liberal: a wealthy liberal; liberal-minded politician basing his political power on wealth; a representative of the influential rich (e. g. in congress, etc.). 3. Lock-in: locking oneself inside; staying within a building as asign of protest (against something). 4. Merchants of death: speculators in cannon fodder; manufacturers making arms for private profits; war-mongering industrialists trying to profit by arms sales; arms sales profiteers. 5. Minicrisis: a minor crisis; crisis of small importance; small crisis. 6. Be-in: gathering of people for spontaneous and hopefully creative activities. 7. Crunch: a period of tension that becomes a political or economic moment of truth, when participants display courage or cowardice; the word "squeeze" may be regarded as a synonym. 8. Political dead end: a humorous saying about a supposedly thankless job that makes major enemies and aborts a political career, e. g. the mayoralty of a large city. 10. With the aid of a dictionary translate the following sentences into Russian taking into account the polisemy of the italicized lexical units. 1. acknowledge: a) The experts reluctantly acknowledged that their estimate of food costs was inaccurate, b) At a recent reunion, a 1979 high school graduate acknowledged that she was kind of shocked during her first class at a leading university. 2. candid: a) What the reporter wanted was an old stuff, background material. And he got all this during a candid interview, b) Everybody reacted quite naturally since nobody knew anything about the candid camera, c) I am very impatient by nature, that's why I prefer candid pictures. 3. front: a) The front page story was quite gripping. b) There were so many interesting facts to report that the [56] editor tried to crash the front page, c) The story made front pages for months. 4. lead: a) All the students wanted to read first of all the feature lead, b) Did you read the lead headline in today's paper? c) The race was tight, nevertheless he managed to take the lead, d) Because he was an influential teacher the students tried to follow his lead. UNIT 3 SPACE EXPLORATION: A TRIUMPH OF MODERN SCIENCE The problems of space exploration, as we know, capture the imagination of many people. Now, what is space exploration? It may be described as the investigation, by means of spacecraft, of all the riches of the universe beyond the atmosphere of the Earth. Spacecraft operating above the Earth's atmosphere include varied devices such as sounding rockets, Earth satellites, lunar, planetary and deep space probes. In 1957 the Soviet Union successfully launched the world's first satellite ', Sputnik I, thus achieving the greatest triumph of Soviet science and technology, which is an impressive achievement of the entire socialist system. This feat set in motion other events leading to the landing by the United States of the first two men on the Moon (1969) and to a series of other space exploration efforts by other countries continuing into the future. Because of these remarkable achievements it seems certain that the future happenings in this area will yield even more extraordinary feats 2 and results. From the press and scientific magazines we know that communications satellites 3 are expected to increase in capacity and to be less expensive than earlier models. Already a number of countries have large-capacity domestic satellite systems augmenting conventional systems. The significance of a satellite system for a developing country, for example, is that a modern communications system can be installed without the need for construction of extensive land-based facilities. Space-based solar power plants are no longer just the figment of the imagination of science-fiction writers. It was found that solar plants based in space were perhaps the most imaginative and potentially significant prospect for the uti- [57] lization of space in the service of mankind. The concept provides for the setting up in space of very large power stations placed in geostationary synchronous orbits and beaming the electricity generated from solar energy to the earth's surface by low-energy-density microwaves. At the earth station the electricity would be converted into electric power for distribution in existing electricity systems. The world's interest in outer space has grown steadily with the advance of space technology. The item relating to the peaceful uses of outer space was first placed on the General Assembly's agenda in 1958 and it has been inscribed every year since then. In 1959, the General Assembly established the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space to be the focal point of the United Nations action in this field. The new Committee was requested to review, as appropriate, the area of international co-operation, arid study practical and feasible means for giving effect to programmes in the peaceful uses of outer space which could appropriately be undertaken under the United Nations auspices. Now it is a widely recognized principle that the exploration and use of outer space should be only for the betterment of mankind and to the benefit of States irrespective of the stage of their economic or scientific development. States should be guided by the following principles: (a) International law, including the Charter of the United Nations, applies to outer space and celestial bodies; (b) Outer space and celestial bodies are free for exploration and use by all States in conformity with international law and are not subject to national appropriation. The work in the field of outer space has led to four international instruments dealing with: the exploration and peaceful uses of outer space; the rescue of astronauts and the return of objects launched into outer space; liability for damage caused by space objects; and registration of objects launched into outer space. In 1963 the General Assembly unanimously adopted the Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space. It also recommended that consideration be given to incorporating legal principles in an international agreement. That led to the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies. The Treaty, which includes the principles of the Declaration, was opened for signature on 27 January 1967 and came into force on 10 October 1967. [58] The Treaty provides that space exploration shall be carried out for the benefit of all countries, irrespective of their degree of economic or scientific development. It shall be the province of all mankind and not subject to national appropriation. In addition, outer space shall be used exclusively for peaceful purposes. Nuclear weapons or other weapons of mass destruction are not to be placed in orbit around the earth or stationed in space, nor is outer space to be used for any military purpose. Under the Treaty, States are responsible for national activities in space and for damage caused by objects launched into outer space by them or from their territory. States shall publicize their space activities. A State which registers an object launched into outer space shall retain jurisdiction and control over it and over any personnel thereof while in outer space or on a celestial body. Also, parties to the Treaty agree that space installations and space vehicles shall be open to representatives of other Parties on a reciprocal basis. Other provisions of the Treaty call for assisting astronauts, when needed, and for avoiding harmful contamination of outer space and of adverse changes in the earth's environment resulting from the introduction of extraterrestrial matter. Parties agree to carry on outer space activities in accordance with international law. (From newspapers) COMMENTARY 1. launched the world's first satellite впервые в мире запустил спутник. Здесь для переводчика интерес представляет овладение словосочетаниями с глаголом to launch. Приведем ряд примеров; to launch a rocket запустить ракету; to launch an offensive начать наступление; to launch an election campaign начать предвыборную кампанию, развернуть предвыборную кампанию; to launch a new business открыть новое предприятие; he launched into a long explanation он пустился в длинное объяснение. 2. the Tuture... will yield more extraordinary feats в будущем... достижения в области освоения космического пространства будут еще более поразительными. Здесь для переводчика представляет интерес перевод слова feat. В качестве эквивалента словари обычно дают подвиг. Например, feat of arms боевой подвиг; feat of the Soviet people in peaceful construction подвиг советского народа в мирном труде. В данном случае мы конкретизируем значение слова feat и даем не словарный, а контексту- [59] альный перевод: extraordinary feats поразительные достижения. 3. communications satellite спутник связи. Существительное communication многозначно: передача, сообщение (мыслей, новостей и т. п.); связь, сообщение; коммуникация; (pi.) средства связи. Например: to receive smb.'s communication получить послание (сообщение) от кого-л.; railways, roads, the telephone, the telegraph and the wireless are communications (средства связи). TOPICAL VOCABULARY advance of space technology успехи в области космической техники the Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies Соглашение о деятельности государств на Луне и других небесных телах the Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts, the Return of Astronauts and the Return of Objects Launched into Outer Space Соглашение о спасании космонавтов, возвращении космонавтов и возвращении объектов, запущенных в космическое пространство to aid navigation оказывать помощь навигации (путем использования спутников) artificial earth satellites искусственные спутники Земли to beam television broadcasts вести телевизионные передачи со спутника the Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects Конвенция о международной ответственности за ущерб, причиненный космическими объектами crews of spacecraft экипажи космических кораблей Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space Декларация правовых принципов, регулирующих деятельность государств по исследованию и использованию космического пространства [60] direct broadcast satellites спутники прямого вещания extraterrestrial matter внеземное вещество generation and transmission of solar energy производство и передача солнечной энергии harmful contamination of outer space вредное загрязнение космического пространства legal instrument юридический документ legal and practical aspects of outer space правовые и практические аспекты использования космического пространства navigation satellites навигационные спутники nuclear power sources in outer space ядерные источники энергии в космическом пространстве outer space and celestial bodies космическое пространство и небесные тела practical applications of space technology практическое использование космической техники remote sensing of the Earth by satellites дистанционное зондирование Земли с помощью спутников space-based solar power plant установка солнечной энергии космического пространства space exploration исследование космического пространства space research activities научные исследования в области космоса to survey the Earth's natural resources обследовать природные ресурсы Земли (с помощью спутников) EXERCISES 1. Answer the following questions. 1. What country launched the first man-made satellite? 2. When did the General Assembly decide to handle outer space problems? 3. What should be the purpose of outer space exploration? 4. What does the Treaty on Outer Space provide for? 5. How are astronauts to be saved? 2. Read from left in meaning to right. Indicate which word or word group is nearest those italicized. Translate the italicized lexical units. Joint study – co-operative study – in-depth study – combined study To review – to draft – to revise – to change Feasible – practicable – within the bounds of possibility – conceivable Betterment – advancement – improvement – promotion Instrument – tool – contrivance – implement Rescue – relief – finding – saving Liabilities – debts – deferred payment – arrears Exploration – penetration – breakthrough – research Province – sphere – periphery – area Reciprocal – mutual – single-minded – correlative |
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