Словообразование

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Оттенки значения фразового глагола pick up

1) поднимать, подбирать

to pick up a pen off the floor - поднять с пола ручку;

She picked up her gloves and bag - Она взяла перчатки и сумку;
to pick up a child in one's arms - взять ребенка на руки;
to pick oneself up - подняться «после падения».

2) спасать, подбирать в море: to pick up the shipwrecked sailors - подобрать потерпевших кораблекрушение моряков;

3) услышать, узнать; собирать, добывать (сплетни, слухи):

to pick up the news - узнать (эту) новость;

She always picks up gossip. - Она вечно собирает сплетни.

4) заезжать, заходить (за кем/чем-либо):

I'll pick you up at five o'clock. - Я заеду за вами в пять часов. Pick up the letters! - Захвати письма!

5) брать пассажира: He picked up two students outside London. - По дороге из Лондона он подвез двух студентов.

6) находить: to pick up mistakes in a work - находить в работе ошибки;

7) покупать (выгодно, по случаю), приобретать:

He picked up several oriental manuscripts in Cairo. – В Каире он по случаю приобрел несколько восточных рукописей.

8) научиться (чему-л.) быстро, нахвататься (знаний):

Children soon pick up words they hear from their parents. - Дети быстро подхватывают cлова, которые они слышат от родителей;

to pick up a language – быстро выучить язык;
to pick up scraps of knowledge – нахвататься отрывочных знаний;

9) разг. познакомиться, «подцепить» кого-либо; (with) завязать/завести знакомство, познакомиться (с кем-л.):

He picked up a girl at the party. – Он подцепил девушку на вечеринке.

He picked up with Jones on the way to Paris. – По дороге в Париж он познакомился с Джоунзом.

При широком подходе к составным глаголам относят сочетания, состоящие из глагола и послеглагольного элемента, который может быть выражен предлогом или наречием и который изменяет значение глагола.

При узком подходе для классификации устойчивых глагольных сочетаний, вводится термин “multi-word lexical units”. Выделяют четыре основных типа устойчивых сочетаний:

1) глагол + адвербиальная частица: phrasal verbs или фразовые глаголы (pick up, bring up, cut down, drive away, look forward to, break down – сломить, разбить);

2) глагол + предлог: prepositional verbs или предложные глаголы (look at – тщательно исследовать что-либо; look for, be on, put on, go with, take after);

3) глагол + частица + предлог: phrasal-prepositional verbs или фразово-предложные глаголы (get away with, get along with, get back with – сойтись вновь с кем-либо, fall in with – стать друзьями после случайного знакомства, stand up for – выступить за);

4) другие структурные типы составных глаголов типа: to have a look at, to make fun of, to take into acount, to keep in touch with etc.

С точки зрения грамматических свойств фразовые глаголы подразделяют на переходные (transitive: bring up, carry out – выполнять, осуществлять, find out, turn on etc.) и непереходные (intransitive: break down – провалиться из-за проблем непонимания, come along - сопровождать, come on – наступать, надвигаться, приближаться; shut up – заключать в тюрьму).

Переходные глаголы могут быть отделимыми (separable) и неотделимыми (inseparable).

Отделимые глаголы могут делиться на две группы:

1) Глаголы, в которых дополнение может становиться как до послеглагольного элемента, так и после него:

I chewed over the problem for a few days. Or

I chewed the problem over for a few days.

Но если дополнением является местоимение (him, her, it, etc.), оно всегда ставится до послеглагольного элемента: I chewed it over for a few days.

to ginger smth/smb up

to ginger up smb/smth – подбадривать, оживлять, придавать сил

2) Глаголы, в которых дополнение должно ставиться до послеглагольного элемента:

If I miss the meeting, I’ll feel I’ve let everybody down - подводить.

К этой группе относятся такие глаголы, как put through – выполнить работу, соединять по телефону, move along - проходить, floof smth with – забросать письмами, жалобами, ask out – назначить свидание, пригласить куда-либо, etc.

К неотделимым относятся глаголы, в которых послеглагольный элемент не может отделяться от глагола дополнением:

Could you see to this customer while I answer the phone?

К этой группе относятся такие глаголы, как look through, attend to – обслужить; stick to – придерживаться чего-либо, продолжать делать, что вы решили или обещали, make for – направиться к, summon up – вызывать, воскрешать в памяти, etc.

Exercises

BE

Exercise 1. Match the “be” phrasal verbs in Column A with an appropriate explanation from Column B.

A

1. Hello, how long have you been back?

2. How long were you away?

3. When are you off tonight?

4. When are you off tonight?

5. What were you up to yesterday?

6. When was it over?

7. When are you on tomorrow?

8. What’s up with you?

9. Why do you say it’s out?

10. What was on at the BBC?

B

a) Which film was showing?

b) What time do you finish work?

c) What time are you leaving?

d) Why do you say it isn’t possible?

e)What time did you finish?

f) How long is it since you returned?

g) When will you be working?

h) How long was your absence?

i) What did you do yesterday?

j) What’s the matter?

Some phrasal verbs with “be” and their meanings

Be away: go somewhere;

be back: return;

be down: 1) feel depressed; 2) fall, decrease;

be down with: catch some kind of illness;

be in: come into fashion;

be off: 1) (of food) go bad; 2) start a journey;

be on: 1) be taking place; 2) be working, have been switched on;

be out: 1) not be at home; 2) leave a building temporarily;

be out of: no longer have any left;

be up: 1) get out of bed to start the day; 2) (of time) expire; 3) rise.
Exercise 2. Complete each sentence with one of the following particles. Use each item once only.

A) Back, down, down with, in, off, on, out, out of, up.

1. Well, I'm ... now. See you tomorrow morning. 2. Hand in your papers, your time is … 3. Have you got any pears? - I'm afraid we're … them at the moment. 4. My sister's been very … since her boyfriend left her. 5. I hear your uncle is ill. That's right he's … flu. 6. She has her hair cut. – In my opinion that hairstyle is definitely … at the moment. 7. Let's have a look around the shops. There are a lot of sales … at the moment. 8. Can I speak to the headmistress, please? - I'm afraid she's ... at the moment but she should be … soon.

B) Out of, away, down, off, off, on, up, up.

1. I’m afraid we are … butter at the moment. I can’t bake a cake. 2. Sales are … by 50% so far this year and it doesn't look as if the situation is going to improve. 3. When are your parents …? – At 8 o’clock tonight. 4. I’m so lazy! It’s 11 o’clock and I am not … yet. 5. Oh dear! This meat tastes strange. I think it's ...6. I can’t go out with you now. The washing machine is still … 7. It’s very quiet. I bet little Jimmy’s … some mischief again! 8. When will Helen come back from her business trip? - She's … until Friday.
COME

Some phrasal verbs with “come” and their meanings

Come about: to happen, especially in a way that was not planned or expected;

come across: 1) meet/find by accident; 2) give the impression of being;

come away: break off;

come back: return to one’s memory;

come between: interrupt/cause problems;

come forward: offer oneself (to help);

come in: join a conversation or discussion, often by interrupting someone;

come in for: be criticised;

come into: inherit;

come off: 1) happen as planned; 2) become unstuck;

come out: 1) appear;

come round: 1) visit; 2) happen regularly; 3) become conscious;

come through: 1) survive; 2) to succeed in getting to the end of a dangerous or difficult situation without being badly harmed or damaged;

come up against: be faced with problem.

Exercise 1. Complete the spaces with a phrasal verb from the list. Be careful about tenses.

It was a lovely spring day, and flowers were … … everywhere. Judy was worried. She’d … … … a lot of problems at work, and her work … … her and her husband. She wasn’t looking and stepped into the road. A car hit her, and she was thrown into pavement. The car didn’t stop, though the door mirror … … in the accident. Judy was unconscious for ten minutes before she … … . She was rushed to hospital. She had a long operation, but fortunately she … … . Nothing about the accident would … … to her. The police … … to ask her about it several times, but she could remember nothing after breakfast on the day it happened.

The police asked people who saw the accident to … … .
Exercise 2. Complete each sentence with one of the following particles. Use each item once only. Be careful about tenses!

A) About, across, down, in, out, over, round, up, on.

1. We had to call off the picnic because the rain was ... so heavily. 2. Excuse me, can I … here? 3. Soaking the pullover in this solution should make the stain … 4. Judy fainted, and when she … she found herself in hospital. 5. I … a fascinating book in the library. 6. She knew he was watching her, and a feeling of panic … her. 7. We left early the next morning, just as the sun was … 8. The discovery of penicillin … entirely by chance.

B) Across, in for, into, off, out in, up, up, from.

1. During the interview she … as efficient and decisive. 2. Mary’s been hoping to find work through the Job Centre, but nothing suitable has … yet. 3. When his parents died, he came … a large estate 4. You can tell by his accent that he … Ireland. 5. I think I'm allergic to certain kinds of seafood because I suddenly … spots after I'd eaten some. 6. The minister … a lot of criticism over his handling of the situation. 7. The room was in a terrible state. The wallpaper was … the walls so we had to stick it on again. 8. Amazingly, our house came through the storm without much damage.
GO

Go by: (of time) pass;

go for: attack someone physically or criticise very severely;

go in for: to do (use, have etc.) a particular type of thing, because you like it, or because it seems a good idea;

go off: 1) (of food) become bad; 2) to stop liking someone or something that you used to like; 3) become worse in standard or quality; 4) (of electrical equipment) stop; 4) (of a bomb) to explode;

go on: 1) happen; 2) continue; 3) (of electrical equipment) start working;

go out: 1) to stop being fashionable, or stop being the normal thing that it used; 2) to meet someone regularly and go to different places with them because you are having a romantic relationship;

go over: to examine or discuss something carefully in detail

go through: experience;

go under: (of a company) fail, go bankrupt;

go with: combine well with something;

go without: to not have something that you usually have.

Exercise 1. Complete each sentence with one of the particles from the list. Use each item once only.

1. Pete went … me after he met another girl on holiday. 2. Time goes … very slowly when you are waiting. 3. The bomb went …, killing several bystanders. 4. The forest fire went … after three weeks. 5. I think that company will go … . It’s losing thousands of pounds. 6. When he became unemployed, he had to go … a lot of luxuries. 7. The lights in the streets go … by themselves at dusk. 8. She’s gone … a terrible illness. That’s why she’s pale. 9. I don’t go … sporrs, but I … photography. 10. I was very late and my boss went … . He was really angry. 11. Phew! This milk smells awful. It’s gone … . 12. The radio’s gone … . I think the battery’s dead. 13. Don’t stop! It’s a good story. Please go .. reading. 14. Her uncle was in his study, going … his speech for the following meeting. 15. They’d been going … together for three years before they decided to get married. 16. I’ve bought a blue blouse to go … my blue skirt. 17. What’s going ... here? Come on, what’s happening? 18. It used to be a lovely hotel, but it’s gone … a bit in recent years.
Exercise 2. Complete the spaces in the letter below.

Dear Agnes,

I’ve been going … with my boyfriend for 12 years. Recently he seems to have gone … me. He always goes … me in arguments, and I don’t think I can go … like this much longer. As soon as I disagree with him, he just goes … like a bomb! I really don’t understand what’s going … any more. We’ve been saving to get married, and I’ve gone … many things. I don’t go … any hobbies, and I don’t have many interests. Time goes …, and it doesn’t look as if the situation is going to improve. What should I do?
Exercise 3. A phrasal verb is wrong in each of the following sentences. Write the correct words. Use the following particles: through (2), off (2), round (2), away, with, without, on.

1. One by one, the street lights went on, leaving us in total darkness. 2. The letter was returned to the sender with the words “Gone over, no longer at this address”. 3. “I thought you liked Country and Western music.” – “Well, I used to, bit I really gone for it lately.” 4. There’s an awful flu virus going up. I hope you don’t catch it. 5. What a fascinating story! Don’t go away! 6. Mark was sure that he had picked up his key, but when he went outside his pockets, he couldn’t find it anywhere. 7. I don’t think that red blouse really goes for your orange miniskirt, Sophie. 8. “Did you know that camels go under water for thirty days?” – “They must get very thirsty!” 9. What a lot of people! Do you think there will be enough food to go without? 10. This is a very complex computer program. You might need to go by the instructions again before you get the hang of it.
TAKE

Exercise 1. Complete each sentence with one of the following particles. Use each item once only.