Программа по формированию навыков безопасного поведения на дорогах и улицах «Добрая дорога детства» 2
Скачать 1.09 Mb.
|
Unit 21Ex.1. Read the textWireless Networking Wireless (WiFi) networks are just like fixed LANs but instead of using cables, devices are linked by radio waves. Each computer in a wireless network requires a wireless network interface card (NIC). These can be built in or you can use plug-in adaptors. These allow each component in the network to communicate with a wireless access point (AP) to create a wireless local area network (WLAN). The AP operates like a router in a fixed LAN. It also provides a bridge which plugs into the hub of a fixed LAN allowing both fixed and wireless users to talk to each other. If your LAN is connected to the Internet, the WLAN can also use it. If not, you can connect the WLAN to the Internet via an ADSL or cable modem. What are the advantages of a wireless network? You don’t need cabling. In older buildings, it can be expensive to install cables and access points. With WiFi, one access point can cover an entire floor or even a building. You can work anywhere within range of the access point. On a sunny day, you could work outside. You can make any room in the house your study. There are now WiFi hotspots in hotels, libraries and airports so you can link to a network away from home or your office. There are disadvantages. Fixed LANs can run at 1000 Mbps. Wireless networks are much slower and the further you are from an access point, the slower the rate. Although there are savings on the cost of cabling, wireless NICs are more expensive than the wired versions. Then there is the problem of interference, if a neighbour is using the same channel, and security. Other users may be able to intercept your data. Encryption programs like Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) can help. Vocabulary: AP (access point) – узел (точка) доступа, приёмопередатчик беспроводной сети; WLAN (wireless LAN) – беспроводная локальная сеть, беспроводная ЛВС hub - (сетевой) концентратор (ЛВС); ADSL (Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line) – асимметричная цифровая абонентская линия; NIC (network interface card) – сетевая интерфейсная плата, сетевой адаптер; Mbps (megabits per second) – мегабит в секунду, миллион бит в секунду encryption – кодирование. Ex.2. Read the following international words and translate them. Radio, cable, interface card, adaptor, component, cable modem, problem, office, hotel, airport, program, version. Ex.3. Give the English equivalents for the following words and word combinations. 1) радиоволны; 2) маршрутизатор; 3) общаться друг с другом; 4) с помощью кабельного модема; 5) размещать кабели и точки доступа; 6) работать в радиусе действия приёмопередатчика беспроводной сети; 7) подключиться к сети; 8) экономия стоимости проводки кабеля; 9) беспроводные сетевые адаптеры; 10) перехватывать данные. Ex.4. Answer the questions. 1. What is the difference between WiFi and LANs? 2. How does a wireless access point operate? 3. What allows both fixed and wireless users to talk to each other? 4. How can you connect the WLAN if LAN is not connected to the Internet? 5. What programs can help against interception of the data? Ex.5. Agree or disagree. Correct the sentence if it is fault. 1. Fixed LANs are just like WiFi but instead of using cables, devices are linked by radio waves. 2. A wireless network interface card can be built in or you can use plug-in adaptors. 3. WLAN provides a bridge which allows both fixed and wireless users to talk to each other. 4. You can connect the WLAN to the Internet via the encryption programs. 5. Savings on the cost of cabling are among the advantages of a wireless network. 6. You can link to a network away from home or your office due to WiFi hotspots in hotels, libraries and airports. 7. Wireless networks are much faster than fixed LANs. Ex.6. Fill the table with the Comparative and the Superlative degrees of adjectives. Explain the ways of their forming.
Ex.7. Translate the sentences into English using the vocabulary. 1. Беспроводные сети – это приспособления, связанные радиоволнами. 2. В беспроводной сети каждому компьютеру необходима сетевая интерфейсная плата. 3. Вы можете подключить беспроводную ЛВС к Интернету с помощью кабельного модема. 4. Чем вы дальше от точки доступа, тем меньше скорость беспроводной сети. 5. Беспроводные сетевые адаптеры дороже сетевых версий, подключенных с помощью проводов. Ex.8. State all possible types of questions to the following sentences. 1. Each computer in a wireless network requires a wireless network interface card (NIC). 2. Fixed LANs can run at 1000 Mbps. Ex.9. Topics for discussion. 1. Advantages of wireless networks. 2. Disadvantages of wireless networks. CHAPTER III SUPPLEMENTARY TEXTS Part I Divisions of IT specialties TEXT 1 How to become a programming expert The primary requirements for being a good programmer are nothing more than a good memory, an attention to detail, a logical mind and the ability to work through a problem in a methodical manner breaking tasks down into smaller, more manageable pieces. However, it’s not enough just to turn up for a job interview with a logical mind as your sole qualification. An employer will want to see some sort of formal qualification and proven track record. But if you can show someone an impressive piece of software with your name on it, it will count for a lot more than a string of academic qualifications. So what specific skills are employers looking for? The Windows market is booming and there’s a demand for good C, C++, Delphi, Java and Visual Basic developers. Avoid older languages such as FORTRAN and COBOL unless you want to work as a contract programmer. For someone starting out, my best advice would be to subscribe to the programming magazines such as Microsoft Systems Journal. Get one or two at the low- cost “student” editions of C++, Visual Basic and Delphi. Get a decent book on Windows programming. If you decide programming is really for you, spend more money on a training course. TEXT 2 How to become a Computer Consultant The first key point to realize is that you can’t know everything. However, you mustn’t become an expert in too narrow a field. The second key point is that you must be interested in your subject. The third key point is to differentiate between contract work and consultancy. Good contractors move from job to job every few months. A consultant is different. A consultant often works on very small timescales – a few days here, a week there, but often for a core collection of companies that keep coming back again and again. There’s a lot of work out there for people who know Visual Basic, C++, and so on. And there are lots of people who know it too, so you have to be better than them. Qualifications are important. Microsoft has a raft of exams you can take, as does Novell, and in my experience these are very useful pieces of paper. University degrees are useless. They merely prove you can think, and will hopefully get you into a job where you can learn something useful. Exams like Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer are well worth doing. The same goes for Novell Linux Certification. However, this won’t guarantee an understanding of the product, its positioning in the market, how it relates to other products and so on. That’s where the all – important experience comes in. Here’s the road map. After leaving university you get a technical role in a company and spend your evenings and weekends learning the tools of your trade – and getting your current employer to pay for your exams. You don’t stay in one company for more than two years. After a couple of hops like that, you may be in a good position to move into a junior consultancy companies. By the age of 30, you’ve run big projects, rolled out major solutions and well known. Maybe then it’s time to make the leap and run your own life. TEXT 3 How to become an IT Manager IT managers manage projects, technology and people. Any large organization will have at least one IT manager responsible for ensuring that everyone who actually needs a PC has one and that it works properly. This means taking responsibility for maintenance of servers and the installation of new software, and for staffing a help – desk and support group. Medium to large companies are also likely to have an IT systems manager. They are responsible for developing and implementing computer software that supports the operations of the business. They’re responsible for multiple development projects and oversee the implementation and support of the systems. Companies will have two or three major systems that are probably bought off the shelf and then tailored by an in – house development team. Apart from basic hardware and software expertise, an IT manager will typically have over five years’ experience in the industry. Most are between 30 and 45. Since IT managers have to take responsibility for budgets and for staff, employers look for both of these factors in any potential recruit. Nearly all It managers have at least a first degree if not a second one as well. Interestingly, many of them don’t have degrees in computing science. In any case, the best qualification for becoming a manager is experience. If your personality is such that you’re unlikely to be asked to take responsibility for a small team or a project, then you can forget being an IT manager. You need to be bright, communicative and be able to earn the trust of your teams. Most of this can’t be taught, so if you don’t have these skills then divert your career elsewhere. TEXT 4 System Analyst Studies methods of working within an organization to decide how tasks can be done efficiently by computers. Makes a detailed analysis of the employer’s requirements and work patterns to prepare a report on different options for using information technology. This may involve consideration of hardware as well as software. Either uses standard computer packages or writes a specification for programmers to adapt existing software or to prepare new software. May oversee the implementation and testing of a system and acts as a link between the user and the programmer. TEXT 5 Software Engineer/ Designer Produces the programs which control the internal operations of computers. Converts the systems analyst’s specification to a logical series of steps. Translates these into the appropriate computer language. Often compiles programs from libraries or sub – programs, combining these to make up a complete systems program. Designs, tests and improves programs for computer – aided design and manufacture, business applications, computer networks and games. TEXT 6 Computer Services Engineering Technician Can be responsible for installation, maintenance or repair of computers and associated equipment. Installs hardware, ranging from personal computers to mainframe machines, and tests by running special software. Some technicians carry out routine servicing of large mainframe systems, aiming to avoid breakdowns. Others are called in to identify and repair faults as quickly as possible usually by replacing faulty parts. Work can also involve upgrading machines usually on customers’ premises. TEXT 7 Network Support Person or Computer Engineer: Network Support Maintains the link between PCs and workstations connected in a network. Uses telecommunications, software and electronic skills and knowledge of the networking software to locate and correct faults. This may involve work with the controlling software, on the wiring, printed circuit boards, software or microchips on a file server, or on cables either within or outside building. TEXT 8 Computer Salesperson Advises potential customers about available hardware and sells equipment to suit individual requirements. Discusses computing needs with the client to ensure that a suitable system can be supplied. Organizes the sale and delivery and, if necessary, installation and testing. May arrange support or training, maintenance and consultation. Must have sufficient technical knowledge. TEXT 9 Systems Support Person Systems support people are analyst programmers who are responsible for maintaining, updating and modifying the software used by a company. Some specialize in software which handles the basic operation of the computers. This involves use of machine codes and specialized low – level computer languages. Most handle applications software. May sort out problems encountered by users. Solving problems may involve amending an area of code in the software, retrieving files and data lost when a system crashes and a basic knowledge of hardware. TEXT 10 Hardware Engineer Researchers, designers and develops computers, or parts of computers and computerized element of appliances, machines and vehicles. Also involved in their manufacture, installation and testing. May specialize in different areas: research and development, design, manufacturing. Has to be aware of cost, efficiency, safety and environment factors as well as engineering aspects. Part II Some interesting facts on Computing and IT Technologies TEXT 1 ICQ: A Great Program to Meet People ICQ (“I seek you”) is a revolutionary, user – friendly Internet tool that uniforms you who’s on – line at any time and enables you to contact them at will. No longer will you search in vain for friends or associates on the Net. ICQ does the searching for you, alerting you in real time when they log on. With ICQ, you can chat, send messages, files and URL’s, play games, or just hang out with your fellow “Netters” while still surfing the Net. ICQ will get your entire message across in real time. ICQ has a very convenient interface, and even a novice can use it having just the basic knowledge of English and computers. The sequence of chatting is next: greeting, wondering if you have a photo, where you study or work, what your hobby is, then people usually understand if they found an interesting person to talk and probably to meet, so then they add or don’t add each other to their contact lists. And if a person doesn’t want to wait for sending the message, it is easy to make an ICQ chat where you will be able to see how your letters are printed. It is very nice and useful for studying foreign languages because you even do not have time to think properly, so you have to think in English or in some other language. But the funniest thing is that you can chat with some people while at the same time discussing absolutely different things: feelings, computers, pets and so on, in different languages. Well, you feel like Julius Caesar. And there are specific signs accepted and widely used in the ICQ community, so called “smiles”. They express the mood you have in the moment of writing a phrase. A novice should be ready for lots of different, and mostly weird, people and suggestions in ICQ. It’s funny to hear the voice of ICQ calling you if someone has sent you a message, somewhat like a cuckoo and a cat in one :- ))) First it is frightening, and then you get used to it… “ICQers” can find each other and be found by means of the White Pages, which help you not only to find new friends according to your interests, age, location, e – mail, etc., but to seek your old friends too, by name or surname. Names is an interesting topic especially in ICQ, people use their own names very rarely, mostly using nicknames, that consist initials, computer terms, favorite singers, interests, etc. Cyberspace exists by its own laws, you may ignore the user if you do not like him/ her and if he/ she is too impudent. And you even may change ICQ and get a new number if someone bothers you very much. If you are a girl don’t be too forward, sometimes it may be shocking, especially for foreigners. Try to be polite…Yes, you may say rude things, but it’s not as pleasant as you imagine. Ask for a photo if you want to meet a person in real life, he/ she may be interesting, but I assure you that there is a big difference between a virtual and a real person. . I think ICQ will be interesting for all of you because there are a lot of new features that you can find in your soul and character in the small model of a person’s life in society – ICQ. Glossary: |
