Учебное пособие по практической грамматике. Модальные глаголы. Казанцев С. А

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Название	Учебное пособие по практической грамматике. Модальные глаголы. Казанцев С. А
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Дата публикации	17.08.2014
Размер	1.96 Mb.
Тип	Учебное пособие

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Объясните значение модального глагола must в следующих предложениях:

The children must brush their own shoes.
His mind turned to the incident. It was the kind of thing which must not occur again.
Dear Paula, there is no point in delaying the happy news. I know how much you must have been waiting and expecting.
I always have a warm corner for Roberta. I must try and find her before I go abroad.
It's lovely to have you home. We must have a party to celebrate.
You must give it back to me before you go.
"When is your mother to return?" "Next month." "You must miss her terribly."
Must you work hard?
You mustn't tell anyone about it.
"My god, I never thought they'd let me in there again," he said. "They must have regretted doing so in view of your behaviour."
She mustn't go home alone.
You must change your shoes. I won't have you in here with muddy feet.

Обратите внимание на употребление глагола must в косвенной речи и переведите предложения на русский язык:

He was white and frightened and ready to weep as she told him that he must go.
Because a thing like coal had once been profitable they thought it must always be profitable.
She had already decided that she must show the letter to Alan.
The way she spoke made me think that she must be very much in love.
He asked where I had picked up such a word. I realized that it must have been a wrong word, but I had read it in some book and liked its sound.

Составьте монологические (диалогические) высказывания, используя структуры с модальным глаголом must:

должно быть, он ...
He must be ill.

He must be staying the night in town.

He must have lost it.

He must have been working since breakfast.

он, должно быть (наверное), будет ...
Не probably will be there tomorrow.

он, должно быть, не ...

He must never have been poor.

He must have misunderstood you.

He must have failed to get the book.

He cannot have read the book.

нельзя ...

You mustn't make so much noise.

Close the door. The children mustn't hear what you are saying.

пора уходить ...
I must be off. I must be going

must and have to

Fill the spaces in the following sentences by inserting must or the present, future, or past form of have to.

1. She . . . leave home at eight every morning at present.

2. Notice in a picture gallery: Cameras, sticks and umbrellas . . . be left at the desk.

3. He sees very badly; he . . . wear glasses all the time.

4. 1... do all the typing at my office.

5. You . . . read this book. It's really excellent.

6. The children . . . play in the streets till their mothers get home from work.

7 .She felt ill and . . . leave early.

8. Mr Pitt . . . cook his own meals. His wife is away.

9. I hadn't enough money and I . . . pay by cheque.

10. I never remember his address; I always . . . look it up.

11. Employer: You . . . come to work in time.

12. If you go to a dentist with a private practice you . . . pay him quite a lot of money.

13. Father to small son: You . . . do what Mummy says.

14. My neighbour's child . . . practise the piano for three hours a day.

15. Doctor: I can't come now.
Caller: You . . . come; he's terribly ill.

16. English children . . . stay at school till the age of 16.

17. In my district there is no gas laid on. People . . . use electricity for everything.

18. Notice above petrol pump: All engines . . . be switched off.

19. Mother to daughter: You . . . come in earlier at night.

20. The shops here don't deliver. We . . . carry everything home ourselves.

21. The buses were all full; I . . . get a taxi.

22 .Notice beside escalators: Dogs and push chairs . . . be carried.

23. 'Au pair' girls usually . . . do quite a lot of housework.

24. Tell her that she . . . be here by six. I insist on it.

25. When a tyre is punctured the driver . . . change the wheel.

26. Park notice: All dogs . . . be kept on leads.

27. She . . . learn how to drive when her local railway station is closed.

28. Railway notice: Passengers . . . cross the line by the footbridge.

29. I got lost and . . . ask a policeman the way.

30. Farmers . . . get up early.

31. If you buy that television set you . . . buy a licence for it.

32. When I changed my job I . . . move to another flat.

33. Waiters . . . pay tax on the tips that they receive.

34. Father to son: I can't support you any longer; you . . . earn your own living from now on.

35. Railway notice: Passengers . . . be in possession of a ticket.

36. Whenever the dog wants to go out 1... get up and open the door.
Отсутствие необходимости.
Отсутствие необходимости совершать какое-либо действие выражается следующими формами

	Speaker’s authority	External authority
Future	Needn’t	Won’t need to Won’t have to
Present	Need not	Don’t/doesn’t need to Don’t/doesn’t have to Haven’t/hasn’t got to
Past	Didn’t need to Didn’t have to Hadn’t got to	Didn’t need to Didn’t have to Hadn’t got to

Комментарий.

1. needn’t выражает отсутствие необходимости: а) говорящий дает разрешение не делать что-либо, в) констатация отсутствия необходимости выполнять что-либо:
EMPLOYER: you needn’t make two copies. One will do.

Give them this cheque. They needn’t send me a receipt.

You needn’t change your clothes. Just come as you are.

Don’t/doesn’t have to/will not have to употребляется в том случае, если обстоятельства позволяют не делать что-либо:

Tom doesn’t have to wear uniform at school.

We don’t have to type our essays but we have to write legibly.

When I’m an old age pensioner I won’t have to pay any more bus fares.

Ann doesn’t have to cook for herself. She works at a hotel and gets all her meals there.

need not = won’t/don’t need to = won’t/don’t have to (особенно с 1-м лицом), при этом необходимо помнить, что need not не употребляется для выражения привычных, повторяющихся действий

I needn’t type/ I won’t/ don’t have to type this report today. Mr. Jones there was no hurry about it.

I don’t have to queue for my bus. I get on at the terminus. (нельзя использовать needn’t)

4. Didn’t have to, didn’t need to выражают отсутствие необходимости в прошлом

I didn’t have to wait long. He was only a few minutes late.

When he was at university he didn’t have to/ didn’t need to pay anything for his keep, for he stayed with his uncle.

must not and need not

Используйте must not or need not в следующих предложениях:
1. You . . . ring the bell; I have a key.

2. Notice in cinema: Exit doors . . . be locked during performances.

3. You . . . drink this: it is poison.

4. We . . . drive fast; we have plenty of time.

5. You . . . drive fast; there is a speed limit here.

6. Candidates . . . bring books into the examination room.

7. You . . . write to him for he will be here tomorrow.

8. We . . . make any noise or we'll wake the baby.

9. You . . . bring an umbrella. It isn't going to rain.

10. You . . . do all the exercise. Ten sentences will be enough.

11. We . . . reheat the pie. We can eat it cold.

12. Mother to child: You . . . tell lies.

13. You . . . turn on the light; I can see quite well.

14. You . . . strike a match; the room is full of gas.

15. You . . . talk to other candidates during the exam.

16. We . . . make any more sandwiches; we have plenty now.

17. You . . . put salt in any of his dishes. Salt is very bad for him.

18. You . . . take anything out of a shop without paying for it.

19. You . . . carry that parcel home yourself; the shop will send it.

20. You . . . clean the windows. The window-cleaner is coming tomorrow.

21. Mother to child: You . . . play with matches.

22. Church notice: Visitors . . . walk about the church during a service.

23. 1... go to the shops today. There is plenty of food in the house.

24. You . . . smoke in a non-smoking compartment.

25. Police notice: Cars . . . be parked here.

26. We . . . open the lion's cage. It is contrary to Zoo regulations.

27. You . . . make your bed. The maid will do it.

28. I want this letter typed but you . . . do it today. Tomorrow will do.

29. I'll lend you the money and you . . . pay me back till next month.

30. We . . . climb any higher; we can see very well from here.

31. You . . . look under the bed. There isn't anybody there.

32. You . . . ask a woman her age. It's not polite.

33. You've given me too much. ~
You . . . eat it all.

34. We . . . forget to shut the lift gates.

35. Mother to child: You . . . interrupt when I am speaking.

36. If you want the time, pick up the receiver and dial 8081; you . . . say anything.
Образование вопросительных форм с модальными глаголами must, to have to, need:
Shall I have to go? – Yes, you will/No, you won’t.

Have I got to go? – Yes, you have/No, you haven’t.

Does he have to go? – Yes, he does/No, he doesn’t.

Need I go? – Yes, you must/No, you needn’t.

Must I go? – Yes, you must/No, you needn’t.
Образуйте вопросительные и отрицательные предложения с глаголом

have to:

He has to light a fire.
They had to change their shoes.
I shall have to buy a new pair of gloves.
She has to go home early.
He had to give it back.
She'll have to come again.

need not and don't have to
Используйте need not/need I?, а также вопросительную и отрицательную формы глагола have to вместо выделенных словосочетаний в следующих предложениях:
Образец: I've been invited to a wedding; but I can't go. Will it be necessary for me to send a present?
Shall I have to send a present?
1. It isn't necessary for him to go on working. He has already reached retiring age.

{He . . .)

2. Was it necessary for you to wait a long time for your bus?

3. It isn't necessary for me to water my tomato plants every day.

4. It will be necessary for them to get up early when they go out to work every day.

5. We had to stop at the frontier but we were not required to open our cases.

6. It wasn't necessary to walk. He took us in his car. (We . . .)

7. My employer said, 1 shan't require you tomorrow.' (You . . . come.)

8. It is never necessary for me to work on Saturdays.

9. When I am eighteen I'll be of age. Then it won't be necessary to live at home if I don't want to.

10. New teacher to his class: It isn't necessary for you to call me 'Sir'; call me 'Bill'.

11. Will it be necessary for us to report this accident to the police?

12. When you buy something on the installment system you are not required to pay the whole price at once.

13. Did you know enough English to ask for your ticket?
It wasn't necessary to say anything. I bought my ticket at a machine.

14. It isn't necessary to buy a licence for a bicycle in England. (We . . .)

15. Is it essential for you to finish tonight?

16. Is it necessary for people to go everywhere by boat in Venice?

17. Will it be necessary for me to sleep under a mosquito net?

18. Most people think that civil servants are not required to work very hard.

19. It wasn't necessary to swim. We were able to wade across.

20. It isn't necessary for you to drive me to the station. I can get a taxi.

21. Our plane was delayed so we had lunch at the airport. But it wasn't necessary to pay for the lunch. The airline gave it to us.

22. Is it obligatory for us to vote?

23. When you were a child were you required to practise the piano?

24. I saw the accident but fortunately it wasn't necessary for me to give evidence as there were plenty of other witnesses.

25. Small boy to friend: It won't be necessary for you to work hard when you come to my school. The teachers aren't very strict.

26. They had plenty of time. It wasn't necessary for them to hurry.

27. Is it necessary for you to take your dog with you everywhere?

28. What time was it necessary for you to leave home?

29. I brought my passport but I wasn't required to show it to anyone.

30. I missed one day of the exam. Will it be necessary for me to take the whole exam again?

31. Is it really necessary for you to practise the violin at 3 a.m.?

32. Everything was done for me. It wasn't necessary for me to do anything.

33. Are French children obliged to go to school on Saturdays?

34. I was late for the opera. ~

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