Учебное пособие по практической грамматике. Модальные глаголы. Казанцев С. А

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Название	Учебное пособие по практической грамматике. Модальные глаголы. Казанцев С. А
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Дата публикации	17.08.2014
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Тип	Учебное пособие

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Was it necessary for you to wait till the end of the first act before finding your seat?

35. He repaired my old watch so it wasn't necessary for me to buy a new one after all.

36. Were you required to make a speech?
must, can't and needn't with the perfect infinitive

must + perfect infinitive выражает предположение с очень сильной степенью уверенности. Как правило, произошедшее событие каким-то образом проявляет себя. Обратите внимание на перевод предложений с этой структурой: He must have come back – Он, должно быть, вернулся. (Вы слышите шаги, например).

can't/couldn't + perfect infinitive также выражает очень сильную степень уверенности и вы уже знакомы с этой структурой (Идеи невероятности и сомнения в отрицательных предложениях: They can’t have done it themselves). Важно помнить: Для выражения сильного предположения с отрицанием нельзя использовать структуру mustn’t + perfect infinitive (такой структуры не существует в английском языке)

needn't + perfect infinitive выражает выполненное действие, при этом необходимости в выполнении этого действия не было, т.е. вы зря потратили усилия, время, деньги.

Fill the spaces in the following sentences by using one of these forms + the perfect infinitive of the verbs in brackets.
1. Did you hear me come in last night? ~
No, I . . . (be) asleep.

2. I wonder who broke the wineglass; it . . . (be) the cat for she was out all day.

3. You . . . (help) him. ( You helped him but he didn 't need help.)

4. I had my umbrella when I came out but I haven't got it now. ~

You . . . (leave) it on the bus.

5. He . . . (escape) by this window because it is barred.

6. I . . . (give) Ј10. Ј5 would have been enough.

7. I saw a rattlesnake near the river yesterday. ~
You . . . (see) a rattlesnake. There aren't any rattlesnakes in this country.

8. He is back already. ~
He . . . (start) very early.

9. He returned home with a tiger cub. ~
His wife (be) very pleased about that.

10. I bought two bottles of milk. ~
You . . . (buy) milk; we have heaps in the house.

11. I phoned you at nine this morning but got no answer. ~
I'm sorry. I . . . (be) in the garden.

12. I left my bicycle here and now it's gone. ~
Someone . . . (borrow) it.

13. When she woke up her watch had vanished. ~
Someone . . . (steal) it while she slept.

14. I've opened another bottle. ~
You . . . (do) that. We've only just started this one.

15. The machine said, 'You weigh 65 kilos,' and I said, Thank you.' ~
You . . . (say) anything.

16. I told him to turn left and he immediately turned right! ~
He . . . (understand) you.

17. Perhaps he swam across. ~
No, he . . . (do) that; he can't swim.

18. Do you remember reading about it in the newspapers? ~
No, I . . . (be) abroad at the time.

19. He . . . (walk) from here to London in two hours. It isn't possible.

20. He was very sick last night. ~
The meat we had for supper . . . (be) good.

21. There was a dock strike and the liner couldn't leave port. ~
The passengers . . . (be) furious.

22 .We went to a restaurant and had a very good dinner for Ј3. ~

You . . . (have) a very good dinner if you only paid Ј3.

23. I have just watered the roses. ~
You . . . (water) them. Look, it's raining now!

24. That carpet was made entirely by hand. ~
It . . . (take) a long time.

25. The door was open. ~

It . . . (be) open. I had locked it myself and the key was in my pocket.

26. He said that he watered the plants every day. ~
He . . . (water) them. If he had they wouldn't have died.

27. He came out of the water with little red spots all over his back. ~

He . . . (be) stung by a jelly-fish.

28. We've sent for a doctor. ~
You . . . (send) for him. I am perfectly well.

29. I've made two copies. ~
You . . . (make) two. One would have been enough.

30. There was a terrible crash at 3 a.m. ~
That . . . (be) Tom coming in from his party.

31. I had to get down the mountain in a thick fog. ~
That . . . (be) very difficult.

32. I saw Ann in the library yesterday. ~
You . . . (see) her; she is still abroad.

33. How did he get out of the house? He . . . (come) down the stairs for
they were blazing.

34. You . . . (lend) him your map. He has one of his own.

35. I spoke in English, very slowly. ~
You . . . (speak) slowly. He speaks English very fluently.

36. He was found unconscious at the foot of the cliff. He . . . (fall) 200 metres.

had to
Prompt: I missed the last bus.

B: I missed the last bus and (I) had to walk home.

or

B: I missed the last bus, so I had to walk home.
Prompts:
I missed the first bus.

There were no seats on the train.

There were no porters at the station.

I hadn't any change for the ticket machine.

I lost my dictionary.

I couldn't find a hotel.

We didn't know the way.

I had no cash on me.

I had forgotten his number.

When I got to the door, I found that I had lost my key.

My phone wasn't working.

Our life was out of order.

He had a puncture.

The lights went out during dinner.

I didn't understand the document.

My licence was out of date.

We couldn't eat the hostel meals.

She couldn't hear what she was saying.

One of the engines failed just after take-off.

I couldn't put the fire out myself.

didn't have to
A (an old man): When I was at school, we called the master 'Sir' It was compulsory.

B (a young man who was at the same school): Oh, we didn't have to call the master 'Sir'.
When I was at school, we ... . It was compulsory.

wore suits
talked French at meals
got up at six
washed in cold water
ran round the playground before breakfast
were in bed by ten
learnt a Shakespeare play by heart
cleaned our own rooms
made our own beds
looked after our own clothes
kept our hair short
served ourselves at meals
ate everything on our plates
helped with the washing up
worked on Saturday
wrote home every week
let the staff see our letters
asked permission to go into the town
did military training

Определите семантику (значение) глагола need в следующих предложениях и переведите их на английский язык:

"Why don't you go and look at the snake?" her mother suggested. "You needn't go up close."
It's not easy to hold responsibility. I needn't tell you that.
Angela opened the door and walked in. Her daughter was still up. "You needn't have stayed up, waiting for me," said Angela.
If you don't like the cocktail, you needn't drink it.
"Do you remember what you did when you were twenty-five?" "You need not have reminded me of it."
Need we insist upon the date?
You needn't worry.
Need you bring your girl-friend with you?
She said that if he didn't like to come to her parties he needn't come at all.
I was rather afraid that he might act as though we were intimate friends, which would have been embarrassing. But I need not have worried.
Does he need to study more at home?

Используйте need при переводе предложений на английский язык:

To, что она сделала, так глупо, что нам незачем обсуждать это.
Озеро было так близко, что даже Алан, который не любил ходить пешком, согласился, что не нужно брать машину.
Нам не стоит варить всю картошку.
Нам нужно переодеться к обеду?
У нас еще масса времени. Мы зря спешили.
А нам обязательно туда идти?
Тебе незачем тратить на них все деньги.
«Я сказал твоему дяде, что поговорю с тобой». — «Ты напрасно беспокоился. Я пообещал своим родителям побыть здесь еще немного».
Он положил конверт на стол. «Деньги все там, — сказал он. — Можешь не пересчитывать их».
Ты знаешь детей. Они все ломают. Мне нет нужды говорить тебе об этом.
Он знал, что ему не надо никому ничего объяснять.
Я думаю, что нам незачем уделять ей столько внимания.
Тебе незачем бояться меня.
Нам не обязательно слушать всех ораторов.

had better + infinitive without to (I’d better выражает предпочтение; You’d better выражает совет)
A: I haven't told Tom yet.

B: Then you'd better tell him today. (had here is normally contracted.)
I haven't ... yet

done the ironing
apologized
explained
applied
enrolled
finished my essay
washed the car
mended the fuse
fixed the aerial
paid the rent
returned the books
decided
suggested it
booked the seats
ordered the coal
advertised the house
answered his letter
reported the accident
renewed my licence
seen Tom about it

must have done (deduction)

Martin and Simon have just come back to their house after a weekend.

Martin notices various changes; Simon thinks these must be the result

of actions by Peter, who shares the house with them.

A: The door's open! (leave)

B: Peter must have left it open.

A: The library books have disappeared. (take back to the library)

B: Peter must have taken them back to the library. (Notice the word order.)

My torch isn't here! (borrow)
The plates are all clean! (wash up)
What are all these books doing here? (leave)
The teapot is in pieces! (drop)
How shiny the furniture looks! (polish)
The steps are unusually clean! (sweep)
There are some sandwiches on the kitchen table! (make)
I've turned the key but the door won't open! (bolt)
Here's the receipted bill! (pay)
There's a man at the door with a crate of beer! (order)
There are no biscuits left! (eat)
And there's no whisky left! (drink)
There are two policemen at the door asking out break-in! (report)
The place is full of empty bottles! (have a party)
The car is in a terrible state! (drive into a wall)
The clock is going again! (wind)
There's blood all over the kitchen floor! (cut himself)
The bath's overflowing! (leave the tap on)
Where have the curtain gone to? (take down) (See (ii) above.)
There's a new poster on the wall! (put up) (See (ii) above)

couldn't + perfect infinitive (negative deduction)
Yesterday someone finished the wine/broke a wineglass/borrowed

Mary's radio etc. Mary thinks it was Tom who did these things, but

you know that Tom was out all day.
A: I wonder who broke the glass. I expect it was Tom.

B: Tom couldn't have broken it. He wasn't here yesterday.
I wonder who ... . I expect it was Tom.

spoke to her
paid the milkman
brought the flowers
fixed the television set
tuned my guitar
made all this mess
moved the piano
spilt the wine
opened the letters
borrowed my umbrella
answered the phone
finished the bottle of gin
drank all the beer
ate the cold meat
fused the lights
left the gas on
let the cats out
overheard us
planted the rose bushes
went off with the telephone directory

couldn't have done
A: He says he saw Mary at the dance. (But B knows that Mary wasn't there.)

B: He couldn't have seen her. She wasn't there.
A: He says he escaped through the window. (But B knows that the window is barred.)

B: He couldn't have escaped through the window. It's barred.
The information known to B will be placed in brackets after A's statement.

The words 'But B knows that ...' will be omitted.
He says he ...

had an argument with Tom at the party. (Tom wasn't there.)
bolted the door. (It has no bolt.)
used the Emergency Exit. (There isn't one.)
came up by the lift. (The lift wasn't working.)
slept in room 13. (There is no room 13.)
bought it in Harrods on Sunday. (Harrods doesn't open on Sunday.)
hired a sailing boat in St. James Park. (there are no boats for hire in St. James's Park.)
drove across Hungerford Bridge. (It is for trains and pedestrians only.)
took the Piccadilly Line to High Street Kensington. (The Piccadilly Line doesn't pass through High Street Kensington.)
carried it himself. (It weighs a ton.)
dined in a restaurant on top of Nelson's Column. (There is no restaurant there.)
waded across the Thames at Westminster Bridge. (It is too deep.)
watched Westminster Bridge lifting up to let a ship through. (This bridge doesn't lift up.)
saw the Queen standing in a queue. (The Queen doesn't stand in queues.)
was attacked by wolves when crossing Hampstead Heath. (There are no wolves there.)
walked from Chelsea to Kew in half an hour. (It is too far.)
got sunburnt in Hyde Park in November. (The sun isn't strong enough.)
swam across the Irish Sea. (It is too wide.)
heard your clock strike. (My clock doesn't strike.)
went there by train. (The railway line is closed.)

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