be + infinitive
A: What were your instructions about phoning Bill?
B: I was to phone him at 6:00.
(This exercise could also be practised with other persons: e.g. What were his/her/your (plural) /their/my instructions?)
What were your instructions about ...
reporting?
posting the documents?
meeting George?
contracting Ann?
seeing the agents?
collecting the film?
relieving Andrew?
joining?
leaving?
paying the workmen?
releasing the prisoners?
inspecting the camp?
taking off?
starting?
opening the doors?
be + perfect infinitive
A: Did you borrow a car?
B: No. We were to have borrowed a car but the plan fell through.
Keep the noun unchanged.
Did you ...
camp on the beach
hire a boat?
visit the island?
anchor in the bay?
explore the caves?
bathe by moonlight?
spend a week there?
collect driftwood?
cook over open fires?
make a film of the seabirds?
swim before breakfast?
water-ski?
keep a temperature chart?
et up at dawn?
record the dawn chorus?
climb the cliffs?
search for the sunken treasure-ship?
take photographs under water?
have sing-songs round the camp fire?
invite everyone to a barbecue?
Explain the meanings and forms of have to and be to in the following sentences:
I had to have someone to show me the way from the station.
We were to act as guides to the party.
"Guess what!" "I can't guess. You'll have to tell me."
Now will you please show me the room where I am to work.
Now I've had to listen to a lot of lying. And I never watch faces. I look at hands and listen very carefully to the tone and tempo of speech.
The children are not to touch anything in the room.
There was a special order that no one was to come to the station to see the battalion off.
But I've been having to give a lot of thought recently to my feelings toward you.
It was the first and the last ceremony I was to see.
"What do you have to do to earn so much money?" Barber asked.
He was to have had a music lesson in the morning but the teacher called up to cancel it.
I didn't have to turn around to know they were coming down the street.
He looked about him for his daughter but she was not to be seen.
I was having to feel my way.
Translate the following sentences into English using have to or be to:
Барт должен был увидеться со своим шурином за ленчем на следующий день, но он не считал нужным рассказывать об этом жене.
Ей пришлось пить чай без сахара.
Я знал, что Пэт должна была прийти в клуб.
Я был несколько удивлен, обнаружив в зале, где я должен был выступать, так много людей.
Мне не нужно быть там раньше трех часов.
Руди пригласили на обед домой к Мэри. После обеда они должны были пойти в кино.
Один из гостей сел около меня. Мне не нужно было гово рить, кто он.
Они бомбили нас весь день вчера, и мы вынуждены были оставаться в окопах.
«У тебя короткие волосы, и они вьются». — «Я болела скарлатиной, и волосы пришлось обрезать».
«Я ведь никогда не говорил тебе, что учился в частной школе?» — спросил Алек. — «В этом не было необходимости. Я это знала».
На следующий день Франк взял меня на долгую автомо бильную прогулку. А в семь часов мы должны были обе дать с Гринами.
По радио объявили, что вечером должен выступать прези дент.
Он должен был пододвинуться поближе, чтобы услышать ее.
B этот час Филиппа никогда не было видно.
Fill in the blanks with have to or be to:
At nightfall the ship put in at a small port where they ... to load three hundred bags of coffee.
They ... to light a fire to cook their supper.
He set off for the school where he ... to write examinations for entry to the University.
When I got home I found I had left my olive oil in front of the notice-board and I ... to return in the afternoon to collect it.
He made all arrangements for the marriage, which ... to take place on the day of his mother's arrival.
The Finnish woman who ... to work for Finch had not arrived yet.
She knew there would be no more vacations for her sons. But she ... (not) to say it. They knew that as well as she.
Eden went to the wood where he ... to meet his brother for a ride.
Uncle Nick's things ... to be moved out of his room so that it could be re-let.
For the next few weeks I ... to stay in bed. Everyone came to visit me, and brought me presents, and I ... (not) to do the cooking.
Early in January Maurice returned to Ireland and his brother accompanied him. He ... to remain with him till spring. He then ... to go to the Slade School of Fine Arts in London.
They went to inspect Finch's new house. Finch said that only the last touches ... to be added there and he ... to move into it quite soon.
That day, however, I had a pupil waiting for an English lesson and I ... to cut my visit short.
To practise the use of have to and be to, make up situations of your own using the following patterns:
приходится (пришлось, придется) ...
He has to work here all day.
He had to work there all day.
He will have to work there all day.
не нужно ...
You don't have to work here all day.
You didn't have to work there all day.
You won't have to work there all day.
ему лучше ...
He had better go home at once.
What had he better do with this letter?
мне суждено ...
This was the first time I made a journey that I was to make hundreds of times afterwards.
как мне быть? что мне делать?
What am I to do?
что со мной будет?
What is to become of me?
Revision: fill in the blanks with must, have to or be to to suit the motives expressed in the following sentences:
"It is eight o'clock. The children... go to bed," Mr Hudson said to the nurse.
She ... go to bed at eight o'clock to be up in time for the first train.
At this boarding school the children ... go to bed at eight o'clock.
"I've told my husband he ... (not) smoke in the drawing-room." "And I... (not) tell my husband such things; he's a born gentle man."
He ... stay the night with us. I won't let him drive to the country in this rain.
He ... stay the night with us because he has missed the last bus.
He ... stay the night with us and tomorrow he sets off on his tour to Europe.
We ... begin as early as possible or we shan't finish it today.
I ... start on my new job on Monday.
You ... take the dog away. I won't have it here any longer.
They ... take the dog along with them because there is no one who could look after it.
She ... learn to do things for herself. I refuse to help her in the future.
What a pity you ... go. I know it's time for you to catch your train.
I ... be off. I want to go to bed.
You ... do your chores now, and she ... do hers when she comes in.
My mother says that I ... (not) be out after eleven o'clock, but I... (not) hurry home because she herself is out playing bridge.
My bike is under repair and I ... walk here this morning.
My bike was under repair and I ... collect it that afternoon.
My bike is under repair and I ... have collected it yesterday.
He told me that I ... (not) repeat what I had heard.
He told me that I ... (not) use words which I didn't know.
He told me that I ... learn by heart some twenty lines every day to know English well.
SHOULD/OUGHT TO
Should/ought to выражают а) необходимость выполнения какого-либо действия или долг (так как в данной ситуации выполнение действия разумно или правильно); в) рекомендация, совет (так как разумно или правильно):
They shouldn’t allow parking here; the street is too narrow here.
This word is spelt wrongly. There should be another “s”
You ought to/should read this. It’s very good. (Более эмоциональный вариант с must: You must read this.)
You ought to/should practice for more than two hours.
Сравните употребление must и have to с should/ought to
Если водитель машины говорит I ought to/should go slowly here; it’s a built-up area, то это не означает, что он собирается так поступить. Если же водитель намерен снизить скорость, то он скажет I must go/I have to go/ I’ll have to go slowly here. При употреблении Must и have to предполагается, что действие будет выполнено обязательно.
Should/ought to + continuous infinitive
He ought to be studying for his exam (необходимое действие (подготовка к экзамену) не выполняется и это неразумно) He shouldn’t be spending all his time on the beach. (выполняемое действие (времяпровождение на пляже) неразумно в данной ситуации)
We should be wearing seat belts. (But we are not wearing them)
I shouldn’t be telling you this. It’s supposed to be a secret.
Should/ought to + perfect infinitive выражает а) необходимое или разумное действие не выполнено; в) в отрицательном предложении структура выражает неправильное или глупое действие в прошлом.
You ought to have told him that the paint on that seat was wet.
You should have turned his omelette; he likes it turned.
They ought to have stopped at the traffic lights.
She shouldn’t have opened the letter; it wasn’t addressed to her.
The Emergency Exit doors shouldn’t have bee locked.
SHOULD для предположения (утверждения) какого-либо факта.
Используя should вы надеетесь и ожидаете что действие произошло, происходит или произойдет (действие может рассматривается в настоящем, будущем или прошлом)
Should используется для действий положительных по своему характеру
The plane should be landing now. (I expect it is landing.)
The letter should have arrived by how. (I expect it has arrived.)
Let’s go shopping now. The shop should be fairly empty (shouldn’t be crowded.)
He should have plenty of time to get to the station.
They shouldn’t have any difficulty in finding the house.
Explain the meanings of ought to, shall and should in the follow ing sentences:
I think I ought to let your parents know we are here.
You should have gone to the concert. Why should you miss the music?
I think I ought to put all my cards on the table.
It's late. You should go to bed.
Oughtn't you to be more careful?
"How can you know what his feelings are?" "I ought to know, for he's always telling me about them."
It was surprising that they should have met at all.
He remembered that he should not smoke unless invited to do so.
When Charles saw Ann playing tennis, he came up and said: "Are you sure you ought to be doing that?"
Shall I get you some fresh coffee, Ed?
The responsibility is entirely mine. I acted very wrongly in deed. I ought not to have let this relationship start.
"When is he going back?" "How should I know?"
Mrs Murrey will be moving into the new house next month. It ought to be less bleak for her.
You shall have no cause to complain of me, dear. There shall be no difficulty about money.
"Meg is in town shopping." "Who took her in?" "Renny drove her to the train. He should be back at any moment".
George did not see why he should not discuss the matter with his chief.
A: I told him a week later.
B: You should have told him at once.(should have is normally
shortened to should've in speech.)
I asked him a week later.
I paid the bill a week later.
I thanked him a week later.
I looked for it a week later.
I invited him a week later.
I apologized a week later.
I sent it back a week later.
I returned a week later.
I reported the break-in a week later.
I booked the tickets a week later.
I answered his letter a week later.
I cooked it a week later.
I wrote to him a week later.
I rang him a week later.
I started a week later.
I began a week later.
I ate it a week later.
I spoke to him a week later.
I gave it to him a week later.
I complained a week later.
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