Фонетические упражнения





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After the engine has been overhauled, a thorough of its performance is

necessary. После завершения полной переработки двигателя необходимо

провести тщательную проверку его параметров.


  1. After the air has been heated, an increase in the velocity of the gases is necessary.

  2. After the internal energy of the air has been increased by combustion of fuel in the

combustion chamber, an increase in the gases is necessary to force the turbine to rotate.
VI. Найдите в тексте предложения, содержащие пассивные конструкции и переведите их.
VII. Составьте реферат и подготовьте аннотацию текста (см. приложение).


TEМА 4

ФОНЕТИЧЕСКИЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
Упражнение 1. Прочитайте слова и словосочетания.
aeroplane control system function

flight attitude climb

yaw modification

control mechanism

ailerons be hinged

rudder direction
Упражнение 2. Прочитайте и переведите однокоренные слова.
to equip (v), equipped. (p.p.), equipment (n),

to classify (v), classified (p.p.), classification (n).
Упражнение 3. Прочитайте и переведите следующие словосочетания:
to have to deflect

the pitch control

the aeroplane control system includes

the pilot’s control stick

to be subdivi­ded into

to be to control

to be connected

to increase lift

a greater distance

for a given control movement

TEXT
Aeroplane control has to deflect the aeroplane controls to change the aeroplane flight attitude: the pitch control, roll (or bank) control, and yaw (or turn) control of the aeroplane. The aeroplane control system includes the pilot's control stick to control the elevator and ailerons, the foot pedals to control the rudder, the control knobs, handgrips, and handles to control various units and. systems of the aeroplane. The aeroplane control systems are subdivi­ded into - the push - pull rod control, the cable cont­rol, and the hybrid control.

The flight control surfaces are ailerons, elevators and a rudder. Their function is to control the aircraft in flight, i.e. (that is) to cause it to climb, dive and turn. The ailerons are at the rear edge of the wing, being located near the tip, and helps to bank the airplane. Ailerons are so connected that one is lowered whole the other is raised. The lowered aileron increases lift causing the wing to rise, while the raised aileron reduces lift, causing the lift to drop. These modifications to the airfoil impose additional drag. The lowered aileron presents a relatively greater amount of drag the raised aileron, resulting in a tendency to skid. To overcome this, a differential control mechanism causes the up-aileron to move a greater distance than the down-aileron for a given control movement.

The tail surfaces include a horizontal stabilizer with an elevator and a vertical stabilizer (fin) with a rudder. The rudder are hinged to immovable tail surfaces – the fin and the stabilizer. The rudder changes the direction of flight and the elevator changes the altitude of flight.

Задания
I. Подберите соответствующие пары из левой и правой колонок, в результате чего Вы получите словарь для перевода текста.
1. airfoil - руль направления

2. drag - отклоняющийся элерон

3. elevator - руль направления

4. flight control system - загустевать, сгущать, загущать

5. lift - лобовое сопротивление

6. rudder - руль высоты

7. stiffen - система управления самолетом

8. up-going aileron - профиль крыла

9. dive - поворачивать

10. turn - пикировать
II. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
III. Озаглавьте текст на английском языке.
IV. Разделите текст на части по смыслу и передайте их содержание на русском языке в объеме 1-го (2-х) предложений.
V. Найдите в тексте 5 слов, которые могут употребляться как существительное и как глагол. Переведите их.
VI. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы:
1. What are the flight control surfaces?

2. How are the aeroplane control systems subdivi­ded?

3. Where are the ailerons located?

4. What does the aeroplane control system include?

5. What is the function of the rudder?

6. Does the elevator change the altitude of flight?
VII. Скажите по-английски.
Система управления самолетом, руль высоты, руль поворота, включать, изменять, элероны, подъемная сила, лобовое сопротивление.
VIII. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на независимый причастный оборот ( см. приложение ):


  1. New technological processes having been developed, new types of equipment have been installed in the laboratory.

  2. Air transport developing rapidly, many new airports are being built.

  3. The experiments having been completed, the engineer started new investiga-tions.

  4. The inventor was demonstrating his new device, his assistants helping him.

  5. The new equipment having been installed , the airport capacity has increased.

  6. Widebody aircraft having appeared, it became necessary to construct larger hangars.



IX. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на сложное подле-

жащее ( см. приложение ):


  1. He is said to know all about it.

  2. Yuri Gagarin is known to be the first man in the world to travel into space on the 12th of April, 1961.

  3. The president of Russia was reported to speak to the nation on television tonight.

  4. The American astronaut Neil Armstrong is known to be the first man to walk on

the moon in 1969.

  1. This device was known to have been designed in that laboratory.

  2. This type of aircraft is supposed to have many advantages.

  3. These devices are considered to be very effective.


X. Сделайте аннотирование и реферирование текста.


TEМА 5

ФОНЕТИЧЕСКИЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

Упражнение 1. Прочитайте и переведите следующие слова:
flight personnel

maintain crew

maintenance engineer

technician primary

mechanic require
Упражнение 2. Прочитайте и переведите следующие словосочетания:
ground personnel, ground crew;

modern jet liner;

aircraft maintenance, aircraft engineer, aircraft technicians, aircraft mechanics;

major repairs of aircraft;

aviation specialists;

fuel, oil and air systems, engine controls

TEXT

Aircraft maintenance
Airplane are prepared for flight by ground personnel. These are the people who maintain aircraft. Every flight of a modern jet liner must be very thoroughly prepared by its ground crew. The ground crew of an aircraft are maintenance engineers, technicians, mechanics and other aviation specialists who test, maintain and repair aircraft’ s major parts and systems. The primary duty of an aircraft maintenance engi-neer, his technicians and mechanics is to keep their airplane always trimmed and ready for flight. The maintenance engineer must know the whole of his aircraft very thoroughly. He tells his technicians and mechanics what and how to do in each case of trouble. Different aircraft parts and systems require different aviation specialists for their maintenance. For instance, powerplant technicians and mechanics maintain engi-nes, fuel, oil and air systems and engine controls. The ground crew usually work at the aircraft parking place and do only minor repairs. Engine overhauls and major repairs of aircraft are done by specialists in the overhaul hangar.
Пояснения к тексту
1.maintenance engineer - инженер по эксплуатации ЛА,

инженер наземной службы
2. fuel, oil and air systems - система топливоподачи, маслосистема и

система воздухоснабжения силовой установки
3. engine controls - органы управления двигателем, позволяющие

регулировать обороты, подачу топлива, разви-

ваемую тягу и другие параметры
4. engine overhauls major repairs - капитальный ремонт двигателя
5. major repairs of aircraft - капитальный ремонт ЛА

Задания
I. Дополните предложения:



  1. Airplane are prepared for flight by … .

  2. Major repairs and overhauls are done by… .

  3. The main duty of the ground crew is to … .

  4. The major parts and systems of an aircraft maintained by … .

  5. Aircraft mechanic is a specialist who … .



II. Продолжите предложения, исходя из содержащейся в тексте информации.


  1. В состав наземного экипажа ЛА входят … (4 категории специалистов наземной службы, укажите какие именно).

  2. Обязанностями наземного экипажа являются … (3 обязанности, укажите какие).

  3. Инженер по эксплуатации ЛА должен … (укажите его 2 основные обязанности).

  4. В обязанности техника и механика по силовым установкам ЛА входит техническое обслуживание … (укажите 5 наименований объектов обслуживания).


III. Найдите в тексте ответы на вопросы.


  1. Are airplanes prepared for flight by pilot and copilot?

  2. Does the ground crew of an aircraft consist of flight engineers, pilot, co-

pilot and other aviation specialists?

  1. What does the ground crew consist of?

  2. What does the ground crew serve for?

  3. What are the duties of the maintenance engineer?

  4. What must powerplant technicians and mechanics do?


IV. Сделайте аннотирование и реферирование текста.
V. Найдите в тексте предложения в пассивном залоге и переведите.
VI. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на сослагательное накло- нение (см. приложение).


  1. Landing aids being used should be very reliable.

  2. Safety in aviation should be impossible without new reliable systems.

  3. It was decided that new systems would be developed to increase safety.

  4. To ensure safety the airport should be equipped with the most modern landing

aids.

  1. It is important that pilots should be timely provided with all information neces-

sary for a safe flight.

  1. It was noted that timely information would reduce the possibility of critical situations.

  2. A new family of airliners should be designed to meet the requirements of future

air transportation.


TEМА 6
ФОНЕТИЧЕСКИЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
Упражнение 1. Прочитайте и переведите следующие слова:
- сapacity, expand, comparison

- various, air, compare, care

- application, special, propulsion, machine

- mixture, feature, actually, approach

- majority, engine, jet, project

- liquid, equivalent, quality, quantity
Упражнение 2. Прочитайте и переведите следующие словосочетания:
air-breathing engine, type of air-breathing engine;

the simplest type of air-breathing engine;

wide application, wide application in aviation, wide application in military aviation;

fuel consumption, high fuel consumption, turbojet’s high fuel consumption;

rocket engine, liquid-propellant rocket engine, modern liquid-propellant rocket engine.
TEXT
One of the most essential parts of any airplane is its power plant. The heart of the power plant is the engine. There must also be fuel supply and oil supply system, engine control system, cooling and starting system.

Types of engines, their number and location on the airplane depend on the airplane performances, namely, its speed, altitude, range, load-carrying capacity and so on. Engines may be mounted on the wings, on the fuselage (forward or aft) or under the wings on pylons.

There are many types of aircraft engines in use: piston engine for low-speed aircraft and some types of jet engines.

Jet engines fall into two main classes: air-breathing engines and rocket engines. The engines of the first class utilize air from the atmosphere together with the combustion of fuel.

Jet engines use the reaction force but not the action force of combustion. These are jet propulsion devices which utilize air from the atmosphere together with the combustion of a fuel to produce the jet for propulsive purposes. Pay attention that the jet engine is not a modern development.

When used a jet engine produces high pressure, high temperature gas, which is ejected rearwards with great force named thrust. The thrust is the reaction of the flow or the jet of hot gases ejected from the rear. The jet is produced by combustion of the fuel in the compressed air which is supplied by the atmospheric air that enters through the front opening.

For getting the required air into the combustion chamber a compressor is mounted in the front opening. Air is sucked in the compressor and then is used to burn a fuel.

The other device that operates on the jet principle is the rocket. The rocket differs from other jet propulsion system considered in that it carries the complete supply of working fluid or propellants (oxidizer and fuel). Therefore when used in a vacuum the rocket engine can produce its thrust, and so provide a possible means of propulsion for interplanetary vehicles.

Rocket find extensive use. They are used as boosters for missiles and research rockets, and as main power plants of guided missiles. A rocket propulsion system may also be used as a primary or an auxiliary power plant of an airplane.

The rocket engine differs from air-breathing engines, as it carries a complete supply of fuel and oxidizer. Therefore it can operate in vacuum. There are two basic types of rocket engines. The engines of the first class utilize air from the atmosphere together with the combustion of fuel. The engines of the second class are rocket engines which utilize electric or electromagnetic forces to accelerate the propellant particles. They are distinguished by high exhaust velocities, low propellant consumption, low thrust, long operating times, and by considerable payload capabilities.

The simplest type of air-breathing engine is the ramjet engine. It contrasts to gas-turbine engine it has no moving parts. The main components of the ramjet are: the diffuser, the combustion chamber and the jet nozzle. The ramjet can operate at high flight speeds and altitudes. However, the vain disadvantage of a ramjet is as follows: it must be boosted to a high speed before the initial starting of the engine. Up to now the ramjet has not yet found wide application in aviation.

The pulsejet is more complicated than the ramjet, however, its flight velocity is considerably lower. The main limitation of the pulsejet is the following one: it produces great noise during its operation. Possible application of the pulsejet is to propel pilotless military weapons.

Turbojet, turboprop and turbofan belong to the family of gas-turbine engines. Any type of gas-turbine engine comprises the inlet assembly (diffuser), the compre-ssor, the combustion chamber, the gas turbine and exhaust nozzle.

In a turbojet engine the diffuser takes in the air and delivers it to the compressor. The mechanical compressor further compresses the air and delivers in to the combustion chamber, where the fuel-air mixture burns. The high temperature and high pressure gases enter the turbine. The turbine is connected with the compressor. The main function of the turbine is to provide power for the compressor. Then the combustion products expand in the exhaust nozzle and are ejected with high velocity producing thrust.

Turbojets are classified into 2 groups according to the kind of compressors which they use, that is, centrifugal and axial compressors. The majority of modern turbojets are equipped with axial compressors. At present the turbojet engine has become a conventional power plant for nearly all high-speed military aircraft.
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