Учебно-методический комплекс по дисциплине: Технический перевод для специальности
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м число рабочих Однако синхронный перевод не може1 полно гыо вменить по ..... ВвтельныМ перенод. 'Ото объясняется НЕСКОЛЬКИМИ причинами I ммм.1ч in НИХ Ht обХОДИМОСТЬ ДОрОГОСТОЯШеГО Оборудования ДЛЯ СИНХРОННОГО ПерЮОДа. Кроме тот, многие ораторы не без оснониния считают, что даже хороший синхронный перепоя лишает их контакта с аудиторией и обедняет эмоциональную окраску их выступлений. Наконец, синхронный перевод не в состоянии обеспечить той точности передачи ин формации, которая достигается при последовательном переводе. Поэтому во время важных переговоров, особенно если используются только два рабочих языка, прибега ют, как правило, к последовательному переводу. Упражнения 1. Прочитайте текст и сделайте его полный письменный перевод. August 17, 2005 IBM Donates Supercomputer Resources By IBM and the U.S. Department of Energy's Argonne National Laboratory said they will provide significant enhancements to the computer capabilities available to scientific researchers around the world. IBM and Argonne have agreed to augment Argonne's Innovative and Novel Computational Impact on Theory and Experiment (INCITE) computer capacity with compute cycles on IBM's Blue Gene "BGW" supercomputer system at IBM T.J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, N.Y. Argonne already planned to offer 10 percent of its computing cycles to researchers via the Blue Gene/L, With the latest announcement IBM will offer an additional five percent of computer time on its BGW supercomputer, ranked second fastest. "What we're really talking about is over 1 million CPU hours over the course of a year, running 24 x 7, minus maintenance and upgrades", Herb Schultz, a Blue Gene manager at IBM, told internetnews.com. "Depending on the project, the workload could take 10 racks at a time. We're trying to learn what these kinds of applications are all about, so it's a good exercise for us". Each of the twenty racks at the IBM facility has 2,048 CPUs. When completed this fall, Blue Gene/L should approach top processing speeds of 360 teraflops (), courtesy of a 64-rack system with over 130,000 IBM PowerPC processors. The other IBM Blue Gene system, nicknamed "BGW". has been rated as in the world (www.top500.org), with a capacity of 91 teraflops, or 91 trillion calculations per second. Although he hasn't seen the applications, Schultz said he doubts any of the projects are merely proposals. He thinks most will already have been started on a smaller scale using, for example, a Unix cluster. "They should be projects with some level of maturity already to justify the large scale of computing resources being requested", he said. The deadline for applications was last month, and winners will be announced by the DOE shortly. Prospective projects include large applications in aerospace, automotive engineering, biotechnology, chemistry, energy and physics. Recent accomplishments under the INCITE program have included detailed three-dimensional combustion simulations of flames that provided new insight into reducing pollutants; astrophysics simulations of the forces that help newly born stars and black holes increase in size; and protein simulations designed to advance scientists' knowledge of the function of proteins and their use in drug design. The INCITE program is open to all scientific researchers and research organizations, including industry. The program seeks computation-intensive research projects of largescale that can make high-impact scientific advances through the use of a large allocation of | computer time and data storage. Proposals can be for one to three years. "IBM invested in BGW ... to explore a range of fields including life sciences,; hydrodynamics, materials sciences, quantum chemistry, molecular dynamics and fluid; dynamics — as well as business applications", said Dave Turek, vice president of Deep ■ Computing at IBM, in a statement. INCITE includes high-end computing resources not only at Argonne but also at DOE'$ | Oak Ridge, Lawrence Berkeley and Pacific Northwest national laboratories. 2. Прочитайте текст и сделайте его реферативный перевод (все три статьи должны быть связаны друг с другом по содержанию). January 25, 2005 W3C Issues Key Web Services Standards By The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) has published three new standards to help vendors such as Microsoft, IBM and BEA Systems improve Web services performance for customers. The standards body on Tuesday issued XML-binary Optimized Packaging, SOAP Message Transmission Optimization Mechanism and Resource Representation SOAP Header Block to help developers package and send binary data in a SOAP 1,2 message. The new schemas aim to solve a much-maligned problem in sharing and employing data between different flavors of Web services software. This includes simple tasks such as sending a video clip from a handheld computer to a desktop and major jobs such as exchanging large documents among several collaborators. A major part of the problem is that Web services () applications are based on XML (). This is a sufficient language for simple reading tasks. But when a programmer encodes binary data as XML, it yields a large, or "fat" file that sops up bandwidth and slows down applications. When users try to ran this software on computing devices, performance is so slow that it often renders tasks unmanageable. The new standards should ease some pains, said Yves Lafon, team contact for the group tasked with optimizing XML for Web services, the XML Protocol Working Group. Lafon told internetnews.com the XML-binary Optimized Packaging (ХОР) and the Message Transmission Optimization Mechanism (MTOM) provide a more efficient way to transmit a SOAP message. ХОР includes binary data along with and XML document in a package. MTOM uses ХОР to let SOAP () bindings speed up data transmission, he said. This, Lafon said, makes Web services faster and more usable. But the process was hardly easy. Lafon said his group started with a single specification for optimizing XML thai employed ХОР and MTOM. Realizing that one spec was not enough to encode binary data in XML, the group developed the Resource Representation SOAP Header Block (RRSHB) parcel to send all the data needed to process the message — even when the data would not be quickly available due to slow bandwidth or lack of file access. However, Lafon warned that ХОР is not a comprehensive resolution for the problem of putting binary data in XML, noting that the W3C XML Binary Characterization Working Group is looking at different ways to process binary data in XML. Zapthink analyst Ronald Schmelzer said the idea of making XML more efficient is becoming more popular, noting that businesses will ramp up the amount of XML they employ in their networks, expanding from 15 percent today to almost 50 percent by 2008. Упражнения 157 Schmelzer said the fact that ХОР aims to allow XML to support large binary media types is an indication of the prevalence in which XML is being used for new applications that are outside the bounds originally conceived of for the language. MTOM and RRSHB, Schmelzer told internetnews.com, will boost efficiency by trimming the traffic that SOAP messages can create. IBM (, ), Microsoft (, ) and BEA (, ) expressed support for the new Web services standards in a statement. The three companies are pacing the industry both in Web services products and standards but have not found an answer to the XML optimization issue. The progress should also benefit vendors such as DataPower, Tarari and Rogue Wave, which are to boost the performance of XML and Web services. January 26, 2005 W3C, IETF Stick with "Web Glue" Standards By The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) have created a new standard and specification to improve the efficiency with which users leverage resources on the Web. The standards address Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI) () and Internationalized Resource Identifiers (IRI) (), which take users to such resources as documents and Web sites from all over the world, with a few clicks. The W3C describes URIs as the "glue that holds the Web together". As a replacement to the URI specification released in 1998, Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax is an IETF standard that describes the design, syntax and resolution of URIs. It also addresses security considerations and determines if two URIs are equivalent. The standard features such changes as the notion that the host component of a URI will now support domain names from all over the Web. Other technical changes include a rule for absolute URIs with optional fragments, and a refreshed "Normalization and Comparison" section. Its authors include W3C Director Tim Berners-Lee, who earlier created the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and the HyperText Markup Language (HTML) for Web-based communication; Roy Fielding of Day Software; and Larry Masinter of Adobe Systems. Though still a proposed standard — and therefore a spec — by the IETF, the Internationalized Resource Identifiers (IRIs) allow users to identify Web resources in their own language. It was developed in part by the W3C Internationalization Working Group and was written by W3C member Martin Durst and Michel Suignard, of Microsoft. While the natural scripts of the world's languages use characters other than A-Z, the new IRI standard expands characters from a subset of US-ASCII to the Universal Character Set (Unicode/ISO 10646). This will allow content developers and users to identify resources in their own languages. • The W3C said it anticipates a seamless transition from URI to IRI because every URI is already and IRI, meaning "URI users do not need to do anything differently in order to find what they need on the Web". Moreover, the W3C said many of its specifications, including XML (), RDF (), XHTML () and SVG (), will benefit from the IRI spec because it supports international characters. The URI and IRI update is the latest in a line of collaboration between the W3C and IETF. While the W3C is driving many of the most important standards on the Web — most recently new for Web services — URIs predate the group. This fact, couple with the notion that the IETF uses URIs in many of its endeavors, is why the IETF has taken the lead on shepherding the new standards.. i i ,////n/ i tndoi Neutral I Copyright i<\ i nn ii' m i L* din i i"i "i thi Worid Wide Wib « опюгМшп ind Inventoi oi the Will, ipokr him I,iic Moiuliiy iiKinnsl I he U.S ( opyriithl Ollkc's plans lo limit browsci .IllCSN to С Illlll)'. I a- s;iul ill,it the plan to oiler access to online forms only to users of IE would go against a 1998 directive from the Ollicc of Management and Budget, which told government agencies to use standards developed by international standards bodies instead of setting their own standards. The Copyright Office is in the process of setting up a system to let creators pre-register unpublished works that are being prepared for commercial distribution. On August 4, it requested public comment about whether requiring Microsoft's (, ) Internet Explorer browser for electronic registration would create difficulties. Berners-Lee responded via an open letter that was hand-delivered to the Copyright Office and on the W3C Web site. "As a background to the Copyright Office's decision to attempt to offer services over the Web without the use of standards, it is important to keep in mind the Web was born and achieved widespread use only because of a commitment to open, vendor-neutral standards", Berners-Lee wrote. He pointed out that the World Wide Web Consortium was formed because competition between competing browsers jeopardized broad adoption. The proposed single-vendor pre-registration service will exclude broad classes of creators, he argued. For example, he said, the latest versions of IE are available only on the Windows platform. (The proposed system would be accessible to IE 5.1 and higher; there are such versions available for Macintosh OS X and OS 8.1 and higher). Moreover, according to Berners-Lee, security issues may cause users or institutions to stop using a particular browser. "Various browsers have suffered security breaches and the response, often, is to stop using that browser either permanently or until the security bug is fixed. During that time, the user would be entirely unable to use the pre-registration system", he wrote. "A standards-based strategy would ensure that users can continue to access Copyright Office services, notwithstanding the transient security problems that are inevitable for any single piece of software and have plagued all of the popular browsers at one time or another". The U.S. Copyright Office faces an October 24 2005 deadline for implementing the online pre-registration system, which was mandated by the Artists' Rights and Theft Prevention Act of 2005. The Office said it was not "entirely clear" whether the system would be compatible with other Web browsers when it launched. "Support for Netscape 7.2, Firefox 1.0.3, and Mozilla 1.7.7 is planned but will not be available when pre-registration goes into effect", the request for comment said. 3. Прочитайте статью "Crisis in the Patent Office", уясните ее построение и сравните с прилагаемым примером аннотационного перевода. Crisis in the patent office Stacy V, Jones The constitution authorized the patent system as one means "to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries". The Patent Office was established in 1790 primarily as the guardian of the individual inventor, who often made and sold his product. Since the research laboratory became the Incubator of Invtntlon thi i.......i.....h« i>.....led to th.....i........... which own Ihi pali-nls obtained loi II In employee. \n\\.iil.i\ . i м i\ImmI\ win i «iwii-. и .1......Г ItOOk 01 world foi imiusiiy hiis an Intent) m the patent lyitern. It is natural, therefore, lot ;ill lo be i oiKemed when I SttUttl CORimlttM icpoits lh.il ilie Patent Office is confronted wilh a serious crisis in its operations, one thai will endanger the system's very existence if not solved. Perhaps the committee views the Patent Office with undue alarm, but the office is certainly threatened by today's flood of scientific and technical information. The problem is particularly acute in the Patent Office because it is charged by law with knowing, before it grants a patent good for 17 years, that the invention is new — that it has not already been patented, published or used anywhere in the world. If the examiners overlook something in this "prior art", a patent is likely to be invalidated when somebody questions it in court. The examination procedure was established in 1836, when a freshman senator from Maine, John Ruggles, denounced the loose existing practice. He himself was awarded Patent No. 1, for a Locomotive Steam Engine for Rail and Other Roads. To "prevent the evil of the sliding of the wheels", he fitted them with cogs. Senator Ruggles enjoyed the presumption that his patent was valid. He, like all the patentees who followed, could proceed with some confidence that his claim to be the first inventor was well founded. (In a country where there is no examination, an applicant gets only a priority date by filing, and must rely on the courts in disputes involving other points). But the Patent Office today faces infinitely more difficulty in giving such assurance than it did in 1836. That year, only 599 patents were granted. In calendar 1963, the total was more than 45,000, and that was 10,000 below the record year 1962. It now takes an average of three and a half years to get a patent, and at year's end, there were 200,000 pending applications. Why, someone may ask, does it take so long? Can't they just hire more people? Here invention is the victim of its own progress. The prior art already includes more than 3,000,000 American and 7,000,000 foreign patents, plus countless technical publications. And the flood is growing, not only in volume but in complexity. Today we are inventing not merely mousetraps but computers, atomic power plants, lasers, rockets and space stations. The burden increases geometrically. First, the attorneys must dig into the mountain of U. S. patents to find out whether filing a new application is worth while. This preliminary search cannot be done efficiently anywhere but in Washington. Once an application has been filed, and the examiner reaches it in the waiting pile, he must satisfy himself independently that nothing has gone before that will bar it. There follows what is called "prosecution" — exchanges of memoranda and written discussions of amendments to the patent claims, sometimes supplemented with interviews. In this electronic age, the Patent Office, depository of technology, has not yet found the electronic tools that will relieve the patent examiners of the routine work, the interminable shuffling through papers. True, some progress has been made in the retrieval of information from punch cards, and a little time has been saved with microfilm readers, but the effect is miniscule. The answer is not as simple as calling Civil Service for more examiners. Perhaps 400 or 500 would have to be added to the present 1,100 to handle the 1,500 new applications every week and eliminate the backlog. The Patent Office appropriation for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1963, was $ 27.5 million, and the House has approved $ 29 million for the presentfiscal year. Even if Congress voted the additional funds, the qualified people would not 1 available. And there would be no place for them; each examiner now has space about the s of a billiard table top. A new building isstill in the discussion stage. Well, what about mechanizing search? It would seem simple, now that the computer is «j common business tool, to store the technology in electronic memories and get it out fcyl pressing a button. This should save man all that shuffling through haystacks of papers aoA| microfilms looking for the needles. But the job of shifting the routine work onto mechanical shoulders is easier for the| layman to propose than for the scientist to accomplish. Specialists in government and! j industry have been working on it for 10 years, and they don't see light yet. The first problem is to transfer the information from machine minds. In the present stats j of science, humans will have to decide what is to be stored. The quantities are vast. A patera.^ for instance, starts with a long disclosure, or set of specifications in the inventor's words щ formalized by his attorney. It ends with "claims of novelty". A major question is linguistics, involving language that machines will understand. They must be instructed in unambiguous words. Researchers discovered early that if two things were involved, the machines were likely to reverse the order, putting the cart before the horse and the cheese outside the sandwich. One engineer found that prepositions have I mass of multiple meanings. Is the cart behind the horse in place, in time, in progress, or as 11 cause? He logged 13 meanings for through, 32 for of, and 43 for to. Besides plain statements, there are implications that may be clear only to the technicians, the persons that the courts call "those skilled in the art". How are these implications to be i preserved? And suppose the specialists succeed in getting words into the machine memory. what about the drawings? Most patents include sketches of machinery, diagrams of electric circuits, of charts of molecules. Pattern recognition is much harder than understanding words. The government engineers have made some progress — to the extent of finding out ho» big their main task is. Appropriately, a joint computer research project by the Patent Office and the National Bureau of Standards is called Operation Haystack. The Federal specialists, and their opposite numbers in industry, have solved narrow problems. The Patent Office, for instance, publishes "decks" of punch cards for certain classes of steroid and organic phosphorus compounds. A searcher can run them through a punch-card sorter. Special industries make internal use of similar systems to good effect. But these represent only small files of documents, and small successes. The overall need of the Patent Office, for a survey of all recorded knowledge in a given field, remains. There has been no breakthrough yet to the goal of mechanized search. An educated guess is that it may not come for 20 years. Mechanical and other patent problems are under international study. Representatives of the British, German, Swedish, Dutch and Japanese patent offices are attached to the Research and Development staff of the U. S. Patent Office, and exchange ideas with their hosts. In Vienna last September (1963), ICIREPAT (the Committee for International Cooperation in Information Retrieval Among Examining Patent Offices) considered common problems at its third annual meeting. Standing committees are beginning work on abstracting and indexing methods; equipment; terminology, standardization and classification systems; and translation. Even achievement of mechanized search would be only half the battle. The examiner now spends the other half of his time on intellectual work that the machine cannot take over. If all the patent numbers and other references are supplied to him automatically, he will still face a growing job. There is the steady increase in the total number of patents outstanding, and therefore to be I Упражнения 161 searched; the increase in the number of applications; and their growing intricacy. Applications involving long-chain polymers take longer to examine than those for pump handles. For the present, Patent Office officials must continue to recruit examiners with the required engineering degrees, and to try to hold them. Their training takes time, and when they have gained experience many of them are attracted to law firms or the patent departments of corporations. The turnover in these jobs runs as high as 20 % a year. The future depends on volume of applications in which the long-term trend is upward. If the Patent Office machinery does become clogged with paper, must the agency go out of business? There are modified patent systems that would relieve the examining staff. One is the plan the Netherlands Government has adopted, which was effective January 1, 1964, to replace its previous rigorous examination system. In essence, the Dutch system, if it works, will lighten the office burden by avoiding the examination of patents that prove to have little interest. An application will be published, and can be kept alive for seven years by payment of fees, starting after the first two years. During the seven-year period, the applicant or an interested party may call it up for preliminary, novelty examination, and later for final examination. If seven years go by without the second call, the application will lapse. The Dutch expect the new system to result in abandonment of a large proportion of the applications. Under their previous system, which required annual fees, many were abandoned in the early years. Committees planning a Common Market patent, to be valid for all six countries, have followed the Dutch proposal somewhat. If the program is adopted, the application will be subject to a formal examination leading to the granting or refusal of a provisional patent. The provisional patent must be given a full examination within five years, or it lapses retroactively. Besides borrowing from the Netherlands or the Common Market the United States could take a leaf from the British or German regulations. In Great Britain, only British patents are searched and only for 50 years. In Germany, foreign patents and technical literature are included, but back for only 100 years. Here we have no lower limit. One American official hazarded that the Patent Office could go on with the present law and present methods for another decade without any desperate results. By then, if there is no breakthrough to mechanized search, we may have to reduce the examiners' burden in some other way. The change will not come suddenly, for it will need legislation, and that means long committee hearings in both Houses. If, eventually, inventors are offered provisional patents, they will still have one assurance: the presumption of validity that they have enjoyed for more than a century and a quarter. (From Science Digest, 1984, No. 3, p. 64). |
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